社会本位与民国民法

发布时间：2018-02-24 02:23

  本文关键词： 社会本位 民国民法 民法理论 立法 司法　出处：《南京大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：南京国民政府时期社会本位的民法秩序建构是中国民法近代化历程中引人瞩目的一段往事。社会本位在二十世纪二、三十年代成为居于主流地位的法律理念,与中国社会当时的历史环境密不可分。在救亡图存的历史背景下,本该在近代化进程中得到清理的整体主义思潮得以保留,并在某些方面得到强化；同样植根于救亡图存、与社会本位主张颇多重合的三民主义成为官方意识形态。在这种条件之下,社会本位思潮一经传入,立刻被中国社会热烈拥抱,成为定为一尊的法律思想。在民法制定过程中,基于中外交往方面和国内现实方面的考虑,社会本位理念主宰了民法的价值取向。这种价值抉择的结果在民法理论学说、立法和司法层面皆有充分的展现。在民法理论学说层面,法学家将三民主义和社会本位加以勾连,以社会利益为标准,对民法中的诸多重要范畴进行了有别于传统民法的定位。社会本位被认为是个人本位的取代物,是民法发展的高级阶段；民法和公法一样,皆以社会利益为最终依归；权利是个人为完成社会的职能而产生与存在；在私权行使方面,出于社会利益考虑,强制私权行使与禁止权利滥用应成为一般原则。这些对社会本位时代民法风貌的中国式刻画,对民法作为权利保障之法的根本属性不无偏离。在立法层面,民法对社会利益的追求体现为以南京国民政府的社会政策指导立法过程。在财产法领域,以永佃权为例,面对土地问题和传统的租佃关系格局,民法力图确立物权逻辑和市场逻辑以利于社会经济之发达；同时出于扶助耕农和“平均地权”的土地政策,在永佃权的制度建构上给永佃权人多方面的倾斜。在身份法领域,出于实现“革命民权”和男女平等的目标,女子继承权不但在法律上被完整确立,并在权能的实现中得到相当的照顾和倾斜。在司法层面,法官秉持社会本位司法理念,以社会利益为考量适用法律。对合于社会利益的民间习惯加以认可和扶持,对不合于社会政策的民间习惯则予以摒弃；同时在司法中突破形式正义的法律常规,遵循党义、社会政策和立法精神,对作为社会利益载体的特殊群体之权益加以保护和扶持。就中国民法近代化的历程整体以观,社会本位改变了清末以来法律理念的犹疑不定和政出多门,实现了近代中国立法原则和精神的统一,并对私权保障和旧有社会格局的改造起到了某种积极作用。然而,在缺乏市民社会基础和宪政保障的环境下,社会本位在理论上被异化,实践中则使政府和强势团体以社会利益之名侵害个人权利以遂其私的风险表现得淋漓尽致。这段往事所提出的问题,诸如公益和私权、政府与社会、集体与个人在法律上究竟该如何定位,今天仍然值得我们深思。
[Abstract]:The construction of the civil law order of the social standard in the Nanjing National Government was a remarkable event in the course of the modernization of China's civil law. The social standard became the mainstream legal idea on 20th century and 30s. It was inseparable from the historical environment of Chinese society at that time. In the historical background of saving the nation from the dead, the trend of holism, which should have been cleaned up in the process of modernization, was preserved and strengthened in some ways; it was also rooted in saving the nation from the dead and seeking survival. The three people's principles, which overlapped with the social standard, became the official ideology. Under this condition, the social-standard thought was embraced warmly by Chinese society and became a legal thought. In the process of making civil law, Based on the consideration of Chinese and foreign communication and domestic reality, the concept of social standard dominates the value orientation of civil law, and the result of this value choice is in the theory of civil law. In the theoretical level of civil law, jurists combine the three people's principles with the social standard and regard social interests as the standard. Different from the traditional civil law, the social standard is regarded as the substitute of the individual standard and the advanced stage of the development of the civil law. The right is the individual produces and exists in order to complete the social function, in the aspect of the private right exercise, for the social benefit consideration, The compulsory exercise of private rights and the prohibition of abuse of rights should become general principles. These Chinese depictions of the style and features of civil law in the era of social standard deviate from the fundamental attribute of civil law as the law of right protection. The pursuit of social interests in civil law is embodied in the process of legislation guided by the social policy of the Nanjing National Government. In the field of property law, the permanent tenancy right is taken as an example to face the land problem and the traditional tenancy relationship pattern. The civil law tries to establish the logic of real right and the logic of market in order to benefit the development of society and economy, at the same time, from the land policy of helping farming and "average land right", it inclines the permanent tenancy right in many aspects in the system construction of permanent tenancy right, and in the field of identity law. In order to realize the goal of "revolutionary civil rights" and equality between men and women, women's inheritance rights are not only completely established in law, but also given considerable attention and inclination in the realization of power. Considering the social interests as the consideration of the applicable law, we should recognize and support the folk customs which are in line with the social interests, and abandon the folk customs which are not in line with the social policies; at the same time, we should break through the legal norms of formal justice in the administration of justice and follow the Party's righteousness. The spirit of social policy and legislation protects and supports the rights and interests of special groups as carriers of social interests. In view of the process of modernization of Chinese civil law as a whole, the social standard has changed the uncertainty of legal ideas and the emergence of many branches of government since the end of the Qing Dynasty. It realized the unification of the principles and spirit of modern Chinese legislation, and played a positive role in the protection of private rights and the transformation of the old social pattern. However, in the absence of civil society foundation and constitutional protection, The social standard is alienated in theory, but in practice, the government and the powerful organizations violate the individual rights in the name of social interests and the risks of infringing on their private rights are displayed incisively and vividly. The problems raised in the past, such as public welfare and private rights, government and society, How to position the collective and individual in the law is still worth our deep thinking today.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D929
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本文编号：1528513