英国财产权体系之源与流

发布时间：2018-04-12 23:05

本文选题：英国财产权体系 + 土地保有关系　；参考：《西南政法大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：本文的研究对象是英国财产权体系，目前我国民法学界对英国法财产权体系的理论研究相对薄弱，而英国财产权体系的研究可以为我国财产权体系的优化与改良提供制度性参考，其意义不言而喻。文章共分为六章，共计十八万余字，分别从历史与制度本体对英国财产权体系的形成、发展及其构建进行了阐述。第一章探讨不动产之历史沿革，本章共分三个小节，分别阐述土地保有制度、地产权益以及无形不动产的历史沿革。不动产权益与动产权益的区分是现代英国财产权体系的重要特色之一，因此，文章在探寻英国不动产权益形成之历史原因时不惜笔墨，意图清晰地勾勒出英国不动产权益演化之路；本章先从英国土地保有制度之历史变迁入手，对英国土地保有制度之形成与发展以及其对不动产形成与发展之影响进行了深入分析，指出土地保有制度对有形不动产与无形不动产二元不动产结构形成的基础性作用；文章对最重要的不动产——地产进行了解构与分析，对各种地产形态之形成与发展展开论述，以求全方位的把握地产的历史发展脉络，鉴于无形不动产在英国不动产中的特殊地位，文章专节分析了各种无形不动产的历史发展，通过对地产与无形不动产的演化过程的分析，文章勾画了英国不动产演化的全景图。第二章探讨了动产之历史沿革。动产是与不动产相对应的法律概念，英国法上的动产是一个拾遗补缺的财产概念，凡不属于不动产的财产，均属于动产。不动产是基于土地保有关系之上的财产权益，不动产应当适用封建保有的相关法律制度，而动产的相关法律规制则完全不同，动产与不动产有许多方面的不同，动产权益具有普通法上的非分割与非裂化性，动产权益保护的诉讼程序与不动产保护的诉讼程序完全不同，动产与不动产的继承规制也不相同，虽然1925年财产法改革使得动产与不动产的某些规则趋向统一，但是不动产与动产的历史分类并未因此而改变。在英国历史上被当成动产的财产包括：准不动产（租赁地产）、有形动产与无形动产。准不动产（租赁地产）经历了一个从对人权向对世权转化的过程，到16世纪，租赁地产开始被当成一种与自由地产地位相当的地产，法律上也倾向于将其看成是一种不动产，1925年财产法改革后进一步将准不动产（租赁地产）的地位提升，使之成为英国土地上仅存的两类普通法地产形式之一；有形动产是指不包括土地在内的具有有形形体且可以被占有的财产，从中世纪到现代，有形动产的法律规制并没有发生大的变化，动产的形成与发展与动产之诉息息相关，动产之诉对于动产权益人的保护至关重要，这类诉讼主要包括侵占之诉和无权占有之诉，普通法上有形动产权益并不发生裂化，有形动产权利人可以对动产本身主张所有权；无形动产是与有形动产相对应的动产形态，凡不属于有形动产的动产均属于无形动产，这类动产没有有体形态，不可以被占有，无形动产的产生与发展是衡平法与商法发展的结果，由于商业的发展，衡平法和商法改变了普通法对于无形动产的态度，从而使得无形动产最终成为一种独立的财产形态，1925年《财产法》以专章的形式对无形动产进行了规制，无形动产是不可或缺的现代英国财产形态之一。第三章全景式地叙述了衡平法财产权益的历史沿革。作为与普通法财产权益相对应的一种财产权益形态，衡平法财产权益的产生与普通法之僵化有密不可分的关系，令状制度之缺陷导致了普通法法律供给之不足，这为衡平法法院介入司法实践并且提供法律制度供给提供了契机。衡平法财产权益的产生与发展是衡平法法院行使管辖权的直接结果，衡平法法院对于土地用益与土地信托的效力认可导致了受益人衡平法财产权益的诞生，普通法与衡平法对于受益人衡平法权益的不同态度反映了英国社会不同阶层对于土地利益的不同诉求，在经过长期的纷争和斗争之后，衡平法财产权益最终取得了其独立的财产地位，但是这种财产地位的取得并非一蹴而就，而是经历了一个对人权向对世权转变的漫长过程。除了用益关系与信托关系中受益人之衡平法财产权益外，英国法上还发展出了无相应普通法财产形态之衡平法财产权益，这主要包括地产合同权益（estatecontract）、限制性契约（restrictive covenant)以及衡平法回赎利益（mortgagor’s equity ofredemption)等等。1925财产法改革对于衡平法效力进行了大幅度改革，它首先将衡平法地产降格为衡平法权益，并且依据商事与家事衡平法权益之不同而赋予不同的对抗效力，使得衡平法权益最终成为一种负担性质的财产权益。第四章探讨财产权益担保之历史沿革。财产权益担保属于财产负担，属于第三人权益，依照不同的标准可对其进行不同的分类，英国法主要依据其财产形态之不同而将财产权益担保分为不动产担保与动产担保。不动产担保包括不动产按揭与抵押，按揭是最原始的不动产担保，它发端于英国古代之gage制度，最初表现为一种占有型兼用益型担保，按揭权人占有担保财产本身，并且有权收取按揭财产所产生的收益；15世纪中叶起，按揭权人人不再占有按揭财产，按揭人将用作担保的财产权益移转于按揭权人，在债务履行完毕后按揭人回赎该财产权益，此时的不动产按揭转化成为一种权利移转型担保；17世纪英国衡平法开始介入担保，这使得不动产按揭制度发生重大改变，衡平法回赎权与衡平法回赎利益得以产生，不动产按揭制度更趋合理；1925年财产法改革使不动产按揭制度再次发生改变，立法首先禁止了按揭人在设立按揭时将自己财产权益全部移转给按揭权人的做法，自1926年以后按揭担保只能以分割定期租赁地产或者分租的方式设立，即按揭人在其不动产权益中切割出一个较小之租赁地产，并且将该租赁地产转让给按揭权人，1925年财产法改革还使得抵押作为一种全新的按揭担保形态得以产生，英国法上的抵押是一种不移转占有并且不移转任何财产权益的担保形式，通过1925年财产法改革，英国不动产担保制度更加趋向合理与科学。在动产担保方面，依是否移转标的物之占有，英国法上的动产担保包括移转占有型担保与非移转占有型担保，二者同样发源于gage制度，前者包括质押与留置，后者包括动产按揭与动产抵押；各种动产担保形式均有其对应的衡平法形态。英国财产担保制度经历了数次变革，其中力度最大的为1925年财产担保制度变革，此次变革改变了财产担保（包括不动产担保与动产担保）的实质性内容，明确了财产权益担保作为财产负担的法律地位。第五章分析了1925年财产法改革及现代财产权体系的形成。制定法在英国财产法现代化过程中有着不可替代的作用，当普通法与衡平法出现法律供给不足的情况时，英国法只能依靠制定法进行法律改革；相对于普通法与衡平法，制定法更具激进性，它体现了英国资产阶级的利益，对于革除英国普通法与衡平法之封建性因素具有举足轻重的作用。在英国历史上，17世纪的英国资产阶级立法与1925年财产法改革对于现代英国财产权体系的形成至关重要，前者有力地消除了英国财产法上封建领主的封建权益（领主权益），使地产取得不动产王者至尊之地位，而后者则进一步对不动产进行改革，它废除了保有关系的二元体系，并且为了不动产交易安全与效率之目的，对财产权体系进行了大刀阔斧式的改革，因而对现代英国财产法体系的形成具有重要的意义。1925年财产法改革重构了不动产权益体系，，它将普通法地产缩减为占有性的绝对自由继承地产与租赁地产两种形式，将其他普通法地产降格为衡平法权益，通过对衡平法权益效力的改造，更好地保障了不动产交易安全与效率；1925年财产法改革的一个重要成果就是促成了财产产权与财产负担二元财产权体系的形成，通过财产产权与财产负担二元体系的构建，现代英国财产法有机的沿袭了财产法的历史传统：不动产与动产、普通法财产权益与衡平法财产权益以及有形财产与无形财产的区分模式依旧被现代英国财产法所秉承。第六章着重于英国财产权体系之法理分析。英国法财产权体系与我国财产权体系相距甚远，我国财产权体系的构造之基点为有体物，而英国财产权体系并不是以有体物为基础，而是以产权为中心建立其财产权体系。英国法财产权体系形成之根源在于土地保有制度，土地保有制度导致土地所有权的虚化与产权的兴起以及产权中心地位的确立，产权是一个以财产利益为客体的法律概念，财产利益是否建立在有体物之上并不重要，产权客体无形化之原因在于英国法上的财产权益裂化。对比英国财产权体系构造，学界当反思有体物（所有权）中心主义的传统思想，反思债权物权二元体系的合理性。
[Abstract]:The research object of this paper is Britain ' s property rights system . At present , the study of British property rights system is relatively weak , while the study of British property rights system can provide institutional reference for the optimization and improvement of property rights system in our country , and its significance is self - evident .

Chapter One discusses the historical evolution of real estate . Chapter One discusses the historical evolution of real estate . Chapter One discusses the historical evolution of real estate . The first chapter deals with the historical evolution of the property rights system . The distinction between real estate interests and movable property rights is one of the important characteristics of modern British property rights system .
This chapter begins with the historical changes of British land tenure system , analyzes the formation and development of British land tenure system and its influence on the formation and development of real estate , and points out that the system of land tenure plays a fundamental role in the formation of real estate and intangible real estate .
The article analyzes the most important real estate _ real estate , discusses the formation and development of various real estate forms , and aims to grasp the historical development of real estate . In view of the special status of intangible real estate in the real estate of UK , the article analyzes the historical development of intangible real estate . Through the analysis of the evolution process of real estate and intangible real estate , the article outlines the panorama of British real estate evolvement .

In the second chapter , the historical evolution of movable property is discussed . The movable property is a legal concept corresponding to the real estate . The movable property in the British Law is a property of the property of the real property . The property of the movable property is different from that of immovable property .
The tangible movable property refers to the property which does not include the land , and can be occupied . From the Middle Ages to the modern times , the legal regulation of the tangible movable property has not changed greatly . The formation and development of the movable property is vital to the protection of the movable property .
The intangible movable property is the movable property corresponding to the tangible movable property , and the movable property that does not belong to the tangible movable property belongs to the intangible movable property . The movable property is not in the form of a body , cannot be occupied , and the generation and development of the invisible movable property is the result of the equity law and the commercial law development . As the business development , the equity law and the commercial law change the attitude of the common law to the intangible movable property , the intangible movable property is finally regulated in the form of a special seal , and the intangible movable property is one of the indispensable modern British property forms .

In the third chapter , the historical evolution of the property rights and interests of equity law is described . As a kind of property rights and interests corresponding to the common law property rights and interests , the defects of the law property rights and equity of the equity method are closely related to the rigidities of common law .

Chapter four discusses the historical evolution of the property rights guarantee . The property rights guarantee belongs to the property burden , and belongs to the third party ' s equity . According to different standards , the property rights are classified into real property security and movable property security .
In the middle of the 15th century , the mortgage right no longer occupies the mortgaged property , the mortgage person transfers the property rights and interests of the security right to the mortgage right person , after the debt performance is completed , the mortgage person returns the property rights and interests , and the real estate mortgage is converted into a rights shift guarantee ;
In the 17th century , the British equity law began to intervene in security , which made the real estate mortgage system changed greatly , the right to redeem the equity law and the return of equity law , the real estate mortgage system is more reasonable ;
The property law reform in 1925 makes the real estate mortgage system change again , the legislation first prohibits the mortgage person to transfer the property rights and interests to the mortgage right person in the time of setting up the mortgage . Since 1926 , the mortgage guarantee can only be established in the form of division of the real estate or sublease . In the property law reform in 1925 , the mortgage is a new mortgage guarantee form . In the property law reform in 1925 , the property law reform in the UK is more reasonable and scientific . In the property law reform , the former includes pledge and retention , the latter includes movable property mortgage and chattel mortgage ;
The property security system has undergone several changes , the largest of which is the change of the property guarantee system in 1925 . The change has changed the substantive content of the property security ( including real property security and movable property security ) , and made clear the legal status of the property rights guarantee as the property burden .

Chapter five analyzes the reform of property law and the formation of modern property rights system in 1925 . The formulation of law is irreplaceable in the modernization of British property law .
In the British history , the British bourgeois legislation of the 17th century and the reform of property law in 1925 are of great significance to the formation of modern British property law system .
One of the important achievements in the reform of property law in 1925 was the formation of the binary property rights system of property rights and property , and the historical tradition of property law was inherited by modern British property law through the construction of property right and property liability binary system . The distinction between real estate and movable property , common law property rights and equity and equity of equity and tangible property and intangible property was still accepted by modern British property law .

Chapter 6 focuses on the legal analysis of the British property rights system .

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D956.1;DD913

【引证文献】