明代佛道教管理制度探析

发布时间：2018-04-21 18:10

本文选题：明代 + 佛道教　；参考：《西南政法大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：佛教于东汉时期传入我国，道教也在大约同一时期产生于我国本土。二者发扬壮大，拥有了相当的经济实力和精神影响力。历代统治者均对其采用了控制并利用的手段。南北朝时期即出现了专门的佛道教管理机构和法规，到唐宋，佛道教管理法规十分完善，达到顶峰。元代的立法水平总体不及唐宋，且过度崇尚佛道，僧道特权众多，唐宋的佛道教管理制度受到了严重的破坏，佛道管理比较混乱。明朝建国之后，鉴于元代佛道管理混乱的教训，参考唐宋之制，建立了独具特色的明代佛道教管理制度。明初的法令主要在整顿元代混乱的佛道管理所遗留的问题，其后多以控制佛道教团发展，纯洁教团风气等为目的。本文即对明代佛道教管理制度的内容、特点等加以探析。文章分三个部分。第一部分，对明代的寺观管理制度和僧道官制度加以系统阐述。寺观是僧道聚居、修道、弘法之所，拥有相当的经济实力和影响力。明代法令严格控制寺观数量，禁止私建寺观；限制寺观占有田土的数量，以免其经济过度膨胀而有害国家财政和民生；另外以寺观为单位，对其进行横向和纵向两个方面的规制，纠治寺观中风气败坏、容留罪犯或者私自剃度等行为，也作为对僧道人身管理的辅助。此外，本部分还阐述了明代的僧道官制度。僧道官制度始于魏晋，此后历代不废。具体设置和职权各朝有所不同，唐宋僧道官设置比较繁杂，且未有统一的官制；元代僧官职位众多，权势逼人，为害百端。明代有比较完善的中央、州、府、县四级僧道官体系，各级僧道官的设置、职权、服饰等均有明文规定，设置比较完善。第二部分叙述的是明代对僧道的人身管理。其一，阐述明代的僧道度化制度。明代对僧道出家限制比较严格。首先有性别、年龄、家庭情况等方面的限制，其次还硬性规定了每州府县的僧道人数，以限制僧道数量。最后规定了僧道出家的程序，需要本人及父母均同意，邻里保勘，到寺观投师学习，一定期限后参加僧道录司主持的度化考试，考试合格才能取得度牒。其二，阐述明代对僧道行为和风气的规制，主要包括对僧道与俗世来往的限制，对僧道内部关系的规制以及对僧道风气的规制等。明代限制僧道与俗世的来往，僧道须各归寺观，不许杂处民间，，与民间的交往也受到严格的限制，如差税等设有砧基道人专管，僧道外出游方问道也不许止宿民家等；明代僧道师徒间由法律拟定伦理关系，等同于俗世侄子与叔伯父母；最后对僧道的风气予以规制，严惩僧道犯奸、娶妻蓄妾等伤风败化的行为。第三部分，把明代佛道教管理制度与唐宋元作比较，总结出特点并分析其原因。明代佛道管理制度多沿袭唐宋制度，但相比唐宋立法更加简严，且刑用重典，伦理化也进一步加强。这主要是因为元代佛道管理的混乱，明代统治者参考唐宋之制对佛道教进行整顿和规制，此外也是明代简严、重刑的立法思想指导使然。但明代佛道教管理制度具体实施情况并不理想，主要是统治者本身对制度的破坏所致。
[Abstract]:Buddhism was introduced into our country during the Eastern Han Dynasty. Taoism was also produced in the same period in China. The two people developed and grew strong and had considerable economic and spiritual influence. All the rulers of the dynasties adopted the means to control and use them. In the period of the northern and Southern Dynasties, the special Buddhist Taoist management institutions and regulations appeared in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the Buddhism and Taoism taught in the Tang and Song dynasties. The legislative level of the management was perfect and reached the peak. The legislative level of the Yuan Dynasty was generally inferior to that of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the Buddhist Taoism management system was seriously damaged and the management of Buddhism and Taoism was very disorderly. The Ming Dynasty Buddhism and Taoism management system. The decrees of the early Ming Dynasty were mainly to rectify the problems left over by the chaos of the Yuan Dynasty, followed by the control of the development of Buddhism and Taoism, and the purity of the chaste group. This article is to analyze the contents and characteristics of the management system of Buddhism and Taoism in the Ming Dynasty. The article is divided into three parts.
In the first part, the monastery management system and the monk Taoist official system in the Ming Dynasty were systematically expounded. Monastery was the monastery, monastery, Taoism and Hong law, which had considerable economic strength and influence. The decrees of the Ming Dynasty strictly controlled the number of monasteries, prohibited the monastery from private construction, and restricted the number of monasteries to occupy the soil, so as to avoid the excessive expansion of the economy and the harmful state property. The government and the people's livelihood, in addition to the monastery as the unit, the horizontal and vertical two aspects of regulation, rectifying the monastery in the wind corrupted, the detention of criminals or private shaving, as well as the assistant to the monk Taoism. In addition, this section also expounds the monk Taoist system in the Ming Dynasty. The monk Dao official system began in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, after which the dynasties were no waste. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the monks and Taoist officials set more complex and no unified bureaucracy, and there was no unified bureaucracy; the monk officials in the Yuan Dynasty were in a large number of positions, and the power of the monks was forced to kill the hundred ends. The Ming Dynasty has a relatively perfect central, state, government, and county four level monk Dao official system, the establishment of monk Taoist officials at all levels, power, clothing and so on.
The second part narrates the personal management of monk Dao in Ming Dynasty. First, it expounds the monk Dao degree system in Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty has strict restrictions on monk Taoism. First, there are restrictions on gender, age, family situation and so on. Secondly, the number of monk Dao in each state county is stipulated hard to limit the number of monk road. Finally, the journey of monk Taoism is stipulated. In order, it is necessary for both my parents and my parents to agree, to explore the neighbourhood, to study in the temple, to take part in the degree based examination presided over by the monk Dun Lu, and to pass the exam. Secondly, the regulation of the Ming Dynasty's behavior and the wind of the monk Dao, mainly including the restrictions on the monk Dao and the worldly affairs, the regulation of the internal relations of monks and the monks and the monks and monks In the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty limited the monk road with the worldly world, and the monk Dao must go back to the monastery, not the miscellaneous folk, and the contacts with the folk were strictly restricted, such as the difference tax, the anvil and the people's family, the Buddhist monk Taoist and the apprenticeship between the monk Taoist and the apprenticeship, the same as the worldly nephews in the Ming Dynasty. Finally, the monks and Taoism were regulated, severely punished monks and Taoist criminals, and wives and concubines.
The third part, comparing the management system of Buddhism and Taoism in the Ming Dynasty and the Tang and Song Dynasties, summed up the characteristics and analyzed the reasons. The Ming Dynasty Buddhism and Taoism management system followed the Tang and song systems, but compared to the Tang and Song Dynasties, the legislation was more strict, and the punishment was further strengthened. This is mainly because of the confusion of the Yuan Dynasty, the rulers of the Ming Dynasty refer to Tang Songzhi. In addition to the rectification and regulation of Buddhism and Taoism, it is also the legislative thought of the Ming Dynasty and the heavy punishment. However, the concrete implementation of the Buddhism and Taoism management system in the Ming Dynasty is not ideal, mainly due to the destruction of the rulers themselves.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D929

【参考文献】