论美国汽车搜查制度及其启示

发布时间：2018-08-22 19:32

【摘要】：汽车搜查制度是在刑事搜查的视野中，基于汽车这种搜查对象的特殊性的研究而构建起来的，以“机动性理论”和“较小隐私期待理论”为基础、以无证汽车搜查为核心的特殊搜查制度。该制度含有证汽车搜查与无证汽车搜查两部分。前者，与一般刑事搜查无异；后者，又叫“汽车例外”规则，建立在一系列判例之上，是汽车搜查制度的核心与主要内容，实质是令状制度的一个例外。我国无汽车搜查之名，学界亦鲜有研究，但汽车搜查之实却大量存在。中国步入汽车使用大国又让这种困境愈加显现，刑事诉讼保护人权与打击犯罪两大宗旨逐渐剥离。美国汽车搜查制度历经百年，臻于完善，对我国汽车搜查制度的构建具有直接指导意义。更重要的是，一方面，其制度构建过程中所凸显的实务与理论的互动、优秀的量化立法技术、尊重宪法的精神、平衡效率与公平的技术，正是我国刑事搜查制度改革所需要的；另一方面，构建汽车搜查制度过程中需要解决的问题同时也是完善我国刑事搜查制度无法回避的问题。因此，文章在对美国汽车搜查制度进行细致研究的基础上，基于我国刑事诉讼现有模式，分析了我国汽车搜查现状，并提出和简要论证了通过构建汽车搜查制度作为突破口进行刑事搜查制度改革的观点。篇章上，文章分为五章。第一章为美国汽车搜查制度百年沿革。分四节展开，分别论述了美国汽车搜查制度的宪法基础、有证汽车搜查所需遵循的令状原则、无证汽车搜查需遵循的汽车搜查例外规则及其适用。第二章为美国汽车搜查制度搜查理由和证据规则。分搜查理由和证据规则两节展开。前者从相当理由的内涵、技术细节、与“一眼望穿”原则的辨析三个角度论述；后者主要介绍了非法证据排除规则。第三章为与美国汽车搜查紧密联系的执法行为。文章对拦截车辆的情况，，如行政盘查、检查是否酒驾等与汽车搜查紧密联系的执法行为进行了界定。第四章为我国汽车搜查概述。分三节展开。分别回答了我国汽车搜查现状、执法人员和普通公民对汽车搜查的认知以及造成大量违法汽车搜查案件的原因。第五章为美国汽车搜查制度的启示。分四节展开。第一节，从制度选择角度回答了构建我国汽车搜查制度的可行性与必然性；第二节，从技术角度论述了构建“汽车搜查”制度的关键点；第三及第四节，从制衡角度提出了将搜查令签发全划拨给检察院、构建实质的非法证据排除规则等关键环节。
[Abstract]:In the field of criminal search, the system of automobile search is constructed on the basis of the research of the particularity of the object of search, which is based on "mobility theory" and "small expectation of privacy theory". The special search system based on the search of unlicensed vehicles. This system contains two parts: license vehicle search and unlicensed vehicle search. The former is the same as the general criminal search, the latter, also called the "automobile exception" rule, is based on a series of precedents, which is the core and main content of the automobile search system, and in essence is an exception to the writ system. There is no name of automobile search in our country, and there is little research in academic circles, but there are a large number of automobile searches. China's entry into a big country of automobile use makes this dilemma even more apparent, and the two main purposes of criminal proceedings to protect human rights and combat crime are gradually peeling off. The automobile search system in America has been perfected for a hundred years, which is of direct significance to the construction of automobile search system in our country. More importantly, on the one hand, the interaction between practice and theory, excellent quantitative legislation technology, respecting the spirit of constitution, balancing efficiency and fair technology, which are highlighted in the process of system construction, are exactly what our criminal search system reform needs; On the other hand, the problems that need to be solved in the process of constructing the automobile search system are also the problems that can not be avoided by perfecting the criminal search system in our country. Therefore, on the basis of the detailed study of the automobile search system in the United States, and based on the existing pattern of criminal procedure in China, this paper analyzes the present situation of the automobile search in our country. At the same time, the author puts forward and briefly demonstrates the point of view that the criminal search system should be reformed through the construction of the automobile search system as a breakthrough. The article is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the hundred years history of American automobile search system. It is divided into four sections. It discusses the constitutional basis of the American automobile search system, the principle of writ to be followed in the search of a licensed vehicle, and the rules of exception to the search of an unlicensed vehicle and its application. The second chapter is the search reasons and evidence rules of American automobile search system. Two sections of the search grounds and the rules of evidence are opened. The former is discussed from three angles: the connotation of considerable reason, the technical details, and the principle of "looking through at a glance", while the latter mainly introduces the exclusion rules of illegal evidence. The third chapter is the law enforcement behavior closely related to the American automobile search. This paper defines the law enforcement actions which are closely related to vehicle search, such as administrative examination and examination of whether alcohol driving is closely related to vehicle search. Chapter four is an overview of automobile search in China. It is divided into three sections. The present situation of automobile search in China, the cognition of law enforcement officers and ordinary citizens on vehicle search and the causes of a large number of illegal car search cases are answered respectively. The fifth chapter is the enlightenment of American automobile search system. It is divided into four sections. The first section, from the angle of system choice, answers the feasibility and inevitability of constructing our country's automobile search system; the second section, discusses the key points of constructing "automobile search" system from the technical point of view; the third and fourth sections, From the point of view of checks and balances, this paper puts forward the key links of issuing search warrant to the procuratorate and constructing the substantial rule of eliminating illegal evidence.
【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D971.2;DD915.3

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