法案公开征求意见制度研究

发布时间：2018-08-26 11:03

【摘要】：科学立法、民主立法是现阶段我国立法工作的价值引导和目标追求。立法过程中充分的公众参与是立法科学性、民主性的有力保障。现阶段,我国公民直接参与立法的途径包括:论证会、听证会、座谈会以及法案公开征求意见。相比较其他三种途径,法案公开征求意见具有辐射范围广、持续时间长、参与成本低等诸多优势。在现代信息技术和传媒形式不断发展的背景下,上述优势更加凸显。近年来,我国对法案公开征求意见的探索,已经成为公民参与立法探索过程中重要的增长点,其发展速度远超于其他公民参与立法的途径。理论研究源于对现实需求的回应,实践探索需要理论的指导。法案公开征求意见作为一种正处于快速探索和完善的制度,其发展的科学、有序需要相关制度理论研究的有力保障。在代议制民主体制下,立法对公众意愿表现不足。法案公开征求意见制度乃是为了弥补代议制民主在立法中的这种先天不足。研究法案公开征求意见,需要以其理论根基为起点,以其价值追求和功能定位作为指引,在系统梳理其产生和发展的历程、准确把握现实状况的前提下,准确诊断其在实践发展中存在的问题,并围绕其存在的问题,选择恰当的完善路径,最终提出行之有效的解决对策。人民主权理论是现代民主制度的基础,其在现实中主要体现为代议制民主。但是,随着社会的不断变化发展,传统代议制民主暴露诸多弊端,公民直接参与政治生活的意愿也更加强烈。在此背景下,参与民主理论、协商民主理论以及政策网络理论等诸多理论提出了弥补代议制民主缺陷的诸多方案。法案公开征求意见制度则属于备受诸种理论推崇的一种具体方案。在我国,法案公开征求意见以充分实现公民权利、提升立法质量和缓解社会矛盾为其价值追求,以补充人大立法程序不足、提升立法效率为其功能指向。我国的法案公开征求意见并非近期的制度创新,其实践渊源可追溯至建国初期。从建国至今,法案公开征求意见的实践经历了探索、起步、发展和完善四个阶段。现有法案公开征求意见制度就是不同阶段实践积累而成的产物。准确理解法案公开征求意见制度,需要在系统分析各层级法律法规的基础上,运用参与阶梯理论并结合实证调研的方法予以展开。通过分析可以发现,现有法案公开征求意见制度已经覆盖了信息获取、意见表达和协商反馈三个核心阶段,已经形成了相对系统的法案公开征求意见制度。但现有法案公开征求意见制度在整体制度层面上仍存在缺乏具体实施规范、征求意见平台渠道有限、区域间发展不平衡以及制度适用范围不同的缺陷。而在具体过程中则存在信息公布不充分、意见收集不积极以及协商反馈不足的问题。针对现有不足应当沿袭健全法律依据、构建配套协调机制以及强化公民意识三条路径展开完善工作,通过强化法案公开征求意见制度的程序性规定,明确其适用范围;通过完善信息公开、参与激励与立法机关责任等方式强化配套机制建设;科学合理地设计公开征求意见平台,提高参与效率、扩大参与范围;引导公众组织化参与立法并建立立法基层联系点。以最终实现对现有法案公开征求意见制度全面、系统地完善。
[Abstract]:Scientific legislation and democratic legislation are the value guidance and goal pursuit of our country's legislative work at this stage.Full public participation in the legislative process is a strong guarantee for the scientific and democratic nature of legislation.At this stage, the ways of citizens'direct participation in legislation include: demonstration meetings, hearings, seminars and bills for public consultation. In the context of the continuous development of modern information technology and media forms, the above advantages are even more prominent. In recent years, the exploration of public solicitation of bills has become an important part of citizens'participation in the process of legislative exploration. Theoretical research originates from the response to the actual needs, and practical exploration needs the guidance of theory. As a system which is being explored and perfected rapidly, the development of science and order of bill public solicitation needs the strong guarantee of relevant system theory research. Under the democratic system of parliamentary system, legislation shows insufficient public willingness. The system of bill public solicitation is to make up for the congenital deficiency of representative democracy in legislation. On the premise of accurately grasping the actual situation, accurately diagnosing the problems existing in the practice and development, selecting the appropriate perfect path around the problems, and finally putting forward effective solutions. With the continuous development of society, traditional representative democracy has exposed many drawbacks, and citizens'willingness to participate in political life has become stronger. Under this background, many theories, such as participation democracy theory, consultative democracy theory and policy network theory, have put forward many plans to remedy the defects of representative democracy. In our country, it is the value pursuit of the bill to solicit opinions publicly in order to fully realize civil rights, improve the quality of legislation and alleviate social contradictions. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the practice of soliciting opinions publicly has undergone four stages of exploration, initiation, development and perfection. On the basis of laws and regulations at all levels, the paper uses the theory of participation ladder and the method of empirical research to carry out. Through analysis, it can be found that the existing system of public solicitation of bills has covered the three core stages of information acquisition, opinion expression and consultation feedback, and has formed a relatively systematic system of public solicitation of bills. However, there are still some defects in the present system, such as lack of specific implementation criteria, limited channels for soliciting opinions, unbalanced development among regions and different scope of application of the system. In view of the existing shortcomings, we should follow and perfect the legal basis, construct the supporting coordination mechanism and strengthen the civic awareness of the three paths to carry out the improvement work, through strengthening the procedural provisions of the bill open solicitation system, to clarify its scope of application; through improving the disclosure of information, participation in incentives and legislative responsibilities to strengthen the building of supporting mechanisms. Set up a scientific and reasonable platform for public opinion solicitation, improve the efficiency of participation, expand the scope of participation, guide the public to participate in legislation and establish a grass-roots legislative contact point.
【学位授予单位】：昆明理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D920.0

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