英国近代法律教育转型研究

发布时间：2018-01-18 00:00

本文关键词：英国近代法律教育转型研究　出处：《山东大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 法律教育是一个国家法治建设的基本要素,法律教育发展的水平直接影响甚至决定法治发展的方向、规模和速度。改革开放三十多年来,我国法律教育可谓突飞猛进,法律教育向何处去也成为目前社会各界关注的话题。对于发展历史早、成就显著的英国法治的研究自然也离不开英国法律教育这一主题,对于英国法律教育的考察无论是从理论研究和实践层面上来分析都具有重要意义。然而,对于英国法律教育的研究特别是对英国近代法律教育研究的不足使我们无法认清英国法律教育的来龙去脉,无法把握英国当前的法律教育,从而也无法揭示法律教育与法治之间的有机联系。正是在这个意义上,研究英国近代法律教育的演进历程,探讨其运行机制和实施效果成为本文写作的主旨。本文在对于大量资料进行分析的基础上,运用历史学、社会学、法学、教育学等研究方法对于英国近代法律教育的转型做了比较深入的探讨。全文共分为五章。一个国家的教育制度是与社会的发展要求密切联系的,社会发展变化必然对已经存在的教育制度提出新的要求,法律教育制度也不例外。因此,要研究英国近代法律教育,就应从分析其社会背景入手。本文第一章着重分析了社会发展变化与当时法律教育之间的矛盾,特别是通过对18世纪中叶之前律师会馆和大学法律教育的分析,明确提出律师会馆所进行的学徒制—经验型法律教育和牛津、剑桥大学的罗马法—民法教育不仅处于相对分离状态,而且社会发展所要求的科学、系统的普通法法律教育在律师会馆和大学里都没有开展起来。随着英国社会从中世纪走向近代,法律教育的分离状态必定要改变,法律教育的转型势在必行。在转型过程中,势必要对各种力量和资源进行重新调整和配置,使之实现优化组合,发挥最大效益。在对18世纪中叶之前英国法律教育的分析中,对于传统的法律教育并不是一味否定,而是进行历史的评析。律师会馆法律教育不仅促进了英国法律共同体的形成,而且这种法律职业组织的教育活动在新的时代将会得到复兴。在进入近代社会之后,大学和法律职业组织在各自传统文化基础上适时根据社会需要不断进行调整,两者的关系也开始发生微妙的变化,从而带来英国法律教育的向前推进。从第二章到第四章,以律师会馆和大学之间关系的动态分析为线索,分阶段叙述英国法律教育的演进过程：以18世纪中叶布莱克斯通在牛津大学进行法律教育实践活动为标志,英国开始了大学进行普通法教育的探索和尝试。尽管布莱克斯通之后大学里的法律教育没有得到轰轰烈烈的开展,但是这一尝试预示了大学必定会成为近现代法律教育的主体,宣告了英国法律教育的新纪元的到来。布莱克斯通通过他的教育实践活动和著述,提出了大学进行系统的法律教育的构想。布莱克斯通进行的法律教育的大胆探索和实践深刻地影响着英国近代法律教育。布莱克斯通运用其知识和智慧为英国普通法制作了一件比较得体的衣衫,使普通法走到了普通大众的面前,为近代法律教育的开展创造了条件,而且预示着英国法律教育体制的根本转向。布莱克斯通的法律教育理论和实践初步定下了英国法律教育的基调,即在重视法律教育的职业化和应用性的同时,强调法律教育的理论性和科学性。从这个意义上可以说布莱克斯通的法律教育活动成为英国法律教育历史发展的一个分水岭,意味着英国法律教育在进入新的世纪之后需要继续做出调整和变革,意味着大学不再完全置身于英国法律教育之外,而是要成为英国法律教育的重要场所,并将和法律职业组织一起担负起培养法律人才的重任。(第二章)。以19世纪三十年代伦敦大学和法律职业组织的创立为契机,英国近代法律教育在人才培养体制、教育内容和方法等方面有了初步发展。伦敦大学的创立是英国法律教育史上的一个重要的里程碑,比1753年布莱克斯通在牛津大学的大胆的教学改革来说,意义更大。伦敦成功地把学法律的学生引入大学学院来,把自由教育的好处带给高等学校的学生,这是一项伟大的成就。尽管伦敦大学的法律教育还处于发展的初期阶段,还存在教育体制、内容等方面的许多问题,但是大学毕竟加入到法律教育的主流中来,从这个意义上说,伦敦大学的创立具有划时代意义。在此之后,英国大学纷纷建立,到19世纪中期,牛津和剑桥不再是英格兰唯有的两所大学了。大学正式参与到英国法律教育中来。法律职业组织在进入新世纪以后根据社会的发展变化适时作出调整。事务律师于1831年成立法律协会(law society)。新的协会对于渴望成为事务律师的学生提供充分的教育。律师会馆也积极探索有效的教育方案。但是总的来说,19世纪上半叶,无论是大学还是法律职业组织的法律教育都不尽人意,大学和法律职业组织基本上还是各自为政,没有什么合作。1846年众议院法律教育专门委员会通过一份报告,分析了传统法律教育的弊端,提出了法律改革的纲要,建议法律基础教育和实践技能培训分阶段进行,大学进行法律基础教育,法律协会负责从事律师资格考试等方面的实践技能培训,将基础教育和职业教育有机结合起来。报告建议学生应首先进入大学完成基础教育,尔后再接受职业教育。法律教育专门委员会的报告成为英国19世纪法律教育发展的指导纲领,指明了英国法律教育的未来发展方向,特别是主张大学和法律职业组织分工与合作,携手推进法律教育事业。因此,可以说,1846年报告是英国法律教育发展史上的一个重要里程碑和风向标,引导着大学和法律职业组织等主要教育资源在法律教育领域进行分工与合作,通过优化配置实现法律教育体制的基本转型。在1846年委员会报告之后,无论是大学还是法律职业组织都采取有力措施推进法律教育。(第三章)。从19世纪中叶特别是从八十年代开始,英国新旧大学和法律职业组织都投入到法律教育中来,积极推行法律教育,并初步实现分工与合作,资源通过优化配置收到了较好效果。从法律教育体制到教育内容,英国法律教育进入了实质性的改革与扩张时期,大学法律教育进入了最具活力的时期,形成了许多具有现代意义的特征。在大学法律教育轰轰烈烈展开的同时,法律职业组织的法律教育的步伐和力度也在加快,并且加强了与大学的联姻,共同推进法律教育。到二十世纪初,一种新型法律教育基本确立。(第四章) 在对英国近代法律教育历史进程进行动态分析的基础上,第五章对英国近代法律教育模式和社会效果进行深入分析,以期形成一个关于英国近代法律教育的整体认识和把握。对照传统律师会馆的法律教育,第五章通过对于英国近代法律教育的人才培养体制、教育内容、教学方法和教育管理等方面的分析,指出英国近代法律教育总体上已经实现了法律教育的近代化。英国法律教育由大学和法律职业组织承担,实行分工与合作,课程设置、教学方法、教育管理等环节基本都按照培养目标和大学与法律职业组织本身的特点进行设置和安排,在充分发挥各个机构作用的基础上强调各种资源之间的优化配置,法律教育制度日趋完善。在教育体制上,形成了大学学院和法律职业组织并驾齐驱,互相促进,互为补充的良好格局。英国法律教育以各大学学院、公共法律教育者协会和事务律师协会、四大律师会馆及其下属的法律教育理事会为主体,大学学院侧重于基本知识和基础理论方面的素质教育,职业组织侧重于实务性的职业技能训练,前后衔接、优势互补、相辅相成,从而提高了法律教育的质量,基本满足了社会对高素质法律人才的需求。新型法律教育对于英国社会发展发挥了重要的作用,这突出表现在接受法律教育的人数的增加和法律职业人员素质的提高。近代法律教育通过培养优秀的人才在推进英国法治水平的同时不断推进整个社会稳步发展。
[Abstract]:Legal education is an essential element of the construction of rule of law, legal education development level directly affect the development of the rule of law direction, scale and speed. The thirty years of reform and opening up, China's legal education can be described by leaps and bounds, legal education becomes the hot topic in our society. The development history of early. The research achievements of British rule of law also cannot do without the theme of British legal education, the British legal education from both the theoretical research and practice analysis are of great significance. However, for the study of British legal education, especially to the research of modern English legal education that we are unable to get British law education can not grasp the sequence of events, legal education in the UK, it also can not reveal the organic link between the rule of law and legal education. It is in In this sense, the study of the evolution of modern British legal education and its operation mechanism and effect have become the main purpose of this writing.
Based on the analysis of a large amount of data, this paper makes a thorough discussion on the transformation of modern legal education in England based on the methods of history, sociology, law and pedagogy. The full text is divided into five chapters.
A country's education system is closely linked with the development of society, the change of social development will inevitably put forward new requirements to the existing education system, the system of legal education is no exception. Therefore, to study modern English legal education, we should analyze its social background. The first chapter of this paper focuses on the analysis of the social development. And the contradiction between the legal education, especially through the analysis of the mid eighteenth Century before lawyers associations and the legal education in the universities, clearly put forward the apprenticeship Lawyers Guild - experience of legal education and education in Oxford, Rome civil law not only the relative separation state of University of Cambridge, and the social development of the common law science. The legal education system in the University and inns are not carried out. With the British society from the Middle Ages into modern times, the separation of legal education The state is bound to change the transformation of legal education is imperative. In the process of transformation, it is bound to re adjust the configuration of a variety of forces and resources to achieve the optimal combination, to maximize efficiency. In the analysis of the mid eighteenth Century before the British legal education, legal education for the traditional and not blindly deny, but the history of law. Hall legal education not only promotes the formation of the legal community, and the legal occupation organization educational activities will be revived in the new era. After entering the modern society, the University and the law occupation organizations in their traditional cultural basis of social need to carry out the adjustment of the relationship between the two is also the beginning of a subtle change, so as to bring forward the legal education.
From the second chapter to the fourth chapter, the dynamic relationship between the lawyers associations and University analysis as a clue, phases described the evolution of British legal education: in mid eighteenth Century Blackstone at the University of Oxford to practice law education as a symbol, the British began the University in common law education to explore and try. Although after Blackstone law the university education has not been carried out this with vigour and vitality, but try to indicate the university will become the main body of modern legal education, declared that the new era of legal education. The arrival of Blackstone through his educational practice and writings, puts forward the idea of university legal education system. The bold exploration of legal education of Blackstone the practice and profound impact on modern legal education in Britain. Blackstone used his knowledge and wisdom Making a decent British common law, the common law go to the ordinary people, to create the conditions for the development of modern legal education, and indicates that the fundamental laws of England education system. To Blackstone's legal education theory and practice of British legal education set the tone the importance of legal education, occupation and application at the same time, emphasizing the legal education theory and science. In this sense the legal education activities of Blackstone became a watershed in the history of the development of British legal education, legal education means that Britain needs to continue to make adjustments and changes after entering the new century that means that the university is no longer entirely outside the British legal education, but to become the important places of legal education, and legal organization and occupation together to shoulder. The important task of cultivating legal personnel (second chapter).
In nineteenth Century 30s the University of London and founded the legal occupation organization as an opportunity of British modern legal education system in the personnel training, education contents and methods are developed. The establishment of the University of London is an important milepost of British legal education history, 1753 Blackstone in bold teaching reform in University of Oxford, meaning more large. London successfully put law students into college, take the advantages of free education to high school students, this is a great achievement. Although University of London legal education is still in the early stages of development, there are still many problems in the education system, content and other aspects of the University, but after all to join the main stream of legal education. In this sense, the establishment of the University of London has epoch-making significance. After this, the British universities have established, to 19 The mid century, Oxford and Cambridge England is no longer the only two universities. The University officially took part in the legal education. The legal occupation organization in the new century according to the development and changes of the society make timely adjustment. Lawyers Law Association was established in 1831 (Law Society). The new association for the desire to be sufficient the lawyer education students. Inns also actively explore effective educational programs. But in general, the first half of nineteenth Century, whether it is legal education or university legal occupation organization are unsatisfactory, the universities and the occupation organization basically or lack of coordination, not what.1846 house legal education cooperation committee through a report. Analysis of the drawbacks of the traditional legal education, put forward the program of legal reform, legal advice and practical skills training in basic education stage. OK, university legal education, legal lawyer association is responsible for qualification examination and other aspects of the practical skills training, basic education and occupation education organically. The report also suggested that the students should first completed the basic education in the universities, and then received the occupation education. The law education committee report became the guiding principle of legal education development in nineteenth Century the specified in the direction of future development of British legal education, especially the University advocates and legal occupation organization of division of labor and cooperation, join hands to promote legal education. Therefore, it can be said that the 1846 report is an important indicator of the history of the development of legal education and the milepost on the UK, led the main educational resources of the University and the law occupation organization etc. division of labor and cooperation in the field of legal education, the basic transformation of the legal education system to optimize the allocation of the Commission in 1846. After the report, both universities and legal professional organizations have taken strong measures to promote legal education. (Chapter third).
From the middle of the nineteenth Century, especially from the beginning of 80s, the new and old universities legal occupation organization into legal education, actively carry out legal education, and the initial realization of division of labor and cooperation, through optimizing the allocation of resources has achieved good results. From the legal education system to the education content, the legal education reform has entered a substantive and during the expansion, university legal education entered the most energetic period, has formed many characters with modern significance. In university legal education with vigour and vitality started at the same time, the law education law occupation organization's pace and intensity also accelerated, and strengthen the University and marriage, to jointly promote legal education. At the beginning of the twentieth Century, basic the establishment of a new type of Legal Education (Chapter fourth).
Based on the dynamic analysis of legal education in modern British history, the fifth chapter in-depth analysis of British modern legal education mode and social effect, in order to form a whole on Legal Education in modern Britain. The control of the understanding and grasp of the traditional legal education inns, the fifth chapter through the legal education in modern British talent the training system, educational content, teaching methods and analysis of education management, and points out that the British modern legal education in general have realized the modernization of legal education. The legal education undertaken by the University and the law occupation organization, the division of labor and cooperation, curriculum, teaching methods, education management links are in accordance with the objectives and the University and the legal occupation organization itself characteristics of the training set and arrangement, emphasize each kind of resources based on full play each mechanism on Optimal allocation between the legal education system is becoming more and more perfect. In the education system, the formation of the college and the law occupation organization promote each other, a good pattern of racing together bridle to bridle, complement each other. The British legal education to the University College of public affairs and Legal Education Association Lawyers Association, four Lawyers Guild and its legal education the Council as the main body, the quality education of University College focuses on the basic knowledge and basic theory, occupation organizations focused on the occupation skill training, cohesion and complementary advantages, complement each other, so as to improve the quality of legal education, basically meet the demand for high-quality legal talents. New legal education has played an important role for the social development, the outstanding performance in the number of legal education to increase and improve the quality of personnel legal occupation. The modern legal education Through training excellent talents to promote the level of the rule of law in the UK, the whole society is steadily developing.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D956.1;D90-4

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