英国历史建筑保护法律制度及其对我国的启示

发布时间：2018-01-23 11:34

本文关键词： 文化遗产历史建筑英国城乡规划法登录建筑保护区国家信托　出处：《南京大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：文化遗产的内涵至今尚无权威性、统一的界定。但是无论从立法趋势来看,还是从学理讨论来分析,文化遗产都具有历史、艺术、科学、景观、环境等价值。作为文化遗产的一支,“建筑遗产”的概念来源于对国外较为成熟保护理论和实践经验的借鉴,而“历史建筑”是保护法规中的规范用语,有着明确的指代边界。历史建筑的历史价值具有“时间的历史性”与“使用的历史性”,而建筑价值体现在原真性与完整性。在英国,自19世纪下半叶, 如野火春风般的民间保护运动不断发展,在其推动下,立法与学术理论方向日益清晰,在促进英国建筑遗产保护中担任重要角色和积极力量。1947年《城乡规划法》的颁布,建立了英国现代城镇规划制度。城市规划中的所有权优先于建筑所有者的所有权,不用经过建筑所有者的同意,也无需相应的补偿,就可以对历史建筑进行登录。1990年的规划法合并,1990年的规划法建立了英国登录建筑制度的完整体系,给出了登录建筑定义和法律程序,包含与登录建筑开发、改建、拆除、公众参与、产权关系、财政资助相关的各项条款,允许登录建筑的利用。登录建筑制度作为英国城市规划的重要组成部分,自上到下环境部与地方规划部门分属中央和地方的历史建筑保护行政管理机构,上下级关系明确,职权分明。立法对于英国登录建筑的选定标准、规划许可申请的流程等十分明确,同时也赋予了其一定的灵活性。重视群体价值的保护,对“引导变化而非阻止变化”始终持有积极的态度。英国保护区数量众多,保护区的划定是由地方政府确定的,没有固定的程序,是整体特色的体现,不一定包括登录建筑。国家信托完全独立于政府之外、具有特殊法律责任从事建筑与优美环境的保护工作,推动英国建筑保护的发展。最后,针对我国文物建筑保护立法缺乏前瞻性、不够细化明确、未能立足于城市规划的高度对文物建筑进行保护,以及指定制度的自身缺陷、文物建筑保护与历史文化保护区或历史文化名城保护的管理有效结合等问题。在英国,除了历史悠久的“在册古迹”和一部分重要的“登录建筑”归国家所有以外,其余大多数私有,包括慈善团体所有和私人所有。民间团体没有权利对建筑进行实质的保护,只能徘徊在宣传呼吁的层面上。除此之外我国缺乏相关配套的法律去监管非营利组织,公民对非营利组织的运作怀有疑虑,社会捐助数目少,非营利组织难以维持。对比中英两国建筑遗产保护现状,对我国提出健全历史建筑保护体制、完善历史建筑保护制度和推动公众参与机制。
[Abstract]:There is no authoritative and unified definition of the connotation of cultural heritage, but no matter from the legislative trend or from the theoretical discussion, cultural heritage has history, art, science and landscape. As a branch of cultural heritage, the concept of "architectural heritage" originates from the reference of foreign mature protection theory and practical experience, while "historical building" is a normative term in the protection laws and regulations. The historical value of historical buildings has "historical time" and "historical use of history", while the architectural value is embodied in originality and integrality. In Britain, since the second half of 19th century. With the continuous development of folk protection movement such as wildfire spring breeze, the direction of legislation and academic theory is clear day by day. Plays an important role and positive force in promoting the conservation of British architectural heritage. In 1947, the Urban and Rural Planning Act was promulgated. The modern urban planning system of England has been established. The ownership of urban planning takes precedence over the ownership of the owner of the building, without the consent of the owner of the building, and without the corresponding compensation. The planning law of 1990 and the planning law of 1990 established the complete system of the entry building system of the United Kingdom and gave the definition and legal procedure of the logon building. Contains provisions relating to the development, alteration, demolition, public participation, property rights and financial support of the registered building, allowing the use of the logged-in building as an important part of the British urban planning. From top to bottom the Ministry of the Environment and the local planning departments belong to the central and local administrative bodies for the protection of historical buildings. The relationship between the upper and lower levels is clear and the functions and powers are clear. The process of planning permission application is very clear, at the same time, it also gives it some flexibility and pays attention to the protection of group value. There has always been a positive attitude towards "leading to change rather than stopping it." the number of protected areas in the UK is large, and the designation of protected areas is determined by local governments. There is no fixed procedure and is a reflection of the overall characteristics. National trust is completely independent of the government, and has special legal responsibility to protect architecture and beautiful environment, and promote the development of British architectural protection. Finally. In view of the lack of foresight, detail and clarity of legislation on the protection of cultural relic buildings in our country, failure to protect cultural relics buildings based on the height of urban planning, as well as the defects of the designated system itself. The effective combination of the conservation of cultural relics and buildings with the protection of historical and cultural reserves or historic and cultural cities. With the exception of a long history of "registered monuments" and a number of important "registered buildings" that are owned by the State, most of the rest are privately owned. Civil society does not have the right to materially protect the building. In addition, there is a lack of relevant laws to regulate non-profit organizations, citizens have doubts about the operation of non-profit organizations, and the number of social donations is small. It is difficult for non-profit organizations to maintain. Compared with the status quo of architectural heritage protection in China and Britain, this paper puts forward to perfect the system of historical building protection, perfect the system of historical building protection and promote the mechanism of public participation.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D956.1;D922.16

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