论清代的按察司

发布时间：2018-04-03 08:17

本文选题：按察司　切入点：司法职能　出处：《中国政法大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 按察司是中国古代执掌地方审判、监察职能的重要机关。在清代,按察司已经发展到完备的地步,并且在清末实现了近代转型。本文第一章重点回溯按察司的发展历史,其中唐、宋、明三代是按察司的形成、发展和成熟时期。唐代是按察司的萌芽期,而此时的按察使和采访使是按察司的早期形态;宋代提点刑狱司是清代按察司真正意义上的前身,其名称虽与后世按察司不同,但就职权上而言,宋代提点刑狱司具备了按察司的本质属性;明代则是按察司的成熟阶段,在该阶段,按察司不仅成为固定的地方最高一级行政机构,从而完善了中国古代行政体系,而且在职权上也得到加强且趋向多样化。这三个阶段为按察司在清代的定型化奠定了十分重要的基础。本文的第二章则着重阐述清代按察司的具体设置、职权及其传统职能在社会动乱影响下所产生的变化。对此,一方面,尽管清代按察司的大部分职能与明代按察司无异,但是清代毕竟是不同于明代的一个封建王朝,按察司作为清代一级重要的行政机构,必然也会适应社会形势发生相应变化。如清代按察司的秋审职能即是对此的一大突出反映。另一方面,随着清中叶以后统治秩序开始混乱,各项传统制度不断地发生着变化,清代按察司也不例外。这主要表现在清代按察司的职能发生了若干改变。当然,这些改变并非本质上的变化。鸦片战争后,中国沦为了半殖民地半封建社会,满清的统治地位也变得岌岌可危。所谓穷则思变,在民族存亡的紧要关头,统治者终于做出了进行变革的“明智”抉择。按察司制度也是清末改革的一部分。在1907年地方官制改革中,传统的清代按察司转变成为了提法司,相较于按察司,提法司无论是从职掌上,还是从本质上均产生了重大的变化,由传统的司法、行政合一的机构转变成为了一级司法行政机关。本文的第三章试图对提法司较之按察司的职能变化做出梳理,并且从提法司的职能变化中揭示晚清司法改革的一个侧面。
[Abstract]:Justices is an important organ in ancient China in charge of local trials and supervisory functions.In the Qing Dynasty, the Chief Justice had developed to a complete stage, and in the late Qing Dynasty realized the modern transformation.The first chapter focuses on the history of the development of the Chief Justice, in which the Tang, Song and Ming dynasties are the formation, development and mature period of the Chief Justice.The Tang Dynasty was the budding period of the Justices of Justice, and at this time the missions and interviews were the early forms of the Justices. The Department of the Justices of the Song Dynasty was the forerunner in the true sense of the Justices of the Qing Dynasty, whose name was different from that of the later Chiefs, but in terms of their functions and powers,And also in terms of authority has been strengthened and tend to diversify.These three stages laid a very important foundation for the shaping of Justices in the Qing Dynasty.The second chapter focuses on the specific establishment, functions and functions of the Ching Dynasty under the influence of social unrest.On the one hand, although most of the functions of the judges in the Qing Dynasty were no different from those of the judges in the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty was after all different from the feudal Dynasty of the Ming Dynasty, and the Chief Justice was an important administrative organ at the level of the Qing Dynasty.Must also adapt to the social situation changes.Such as the Qing Dynasty, the autumn review of the Department of Justice is a prominent reflection of this.On the other hand, with the chaos of the ruling order after the middle Qing Dynasty, various traditional systems are constantly changing, and the Ching Dynasty judges are no exception.This is mainly reflected in the Qing Dynasty, the functions of a number of changes have taken place.Of course, these changes are not essential changes.After the Opium War, China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.At the critical moment of national survival, the ruler finally made a wise choice for change.The system of judges was also a part of the reform in the late Qing Dynasty.In the reform of the local government system in 1907, the traditional judicial department in the Qing Dynasty changed into a reference division. Compared with the judicial department, the formulation division had a great change in both its functions and its essence, and it was made by the traditional judicature.The administrative system has been transformed into a level of judicial administration.The third chapter attempts to comb the function changes of the reference division compared with the judicial department, and reveals a side of the judicial reform in the late Qing Dynasty from the function change of the formulation division.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D929

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