罗尔斯法哲学思想述评

发布时间：2018-05-22 14:39

本文选题：契约论 + 自由主义　；参考：《北方工业大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 自15世纪以来的500多年来,人类文明飞速发展,所达到的成就超越了以往数千年。其中有工业革命、科技进步创造的前所未有的物质财富,更有灿烂的文化成果。最重要的是人类探索出了新的社会合作方式,人类文明创造了更多的成果,这种新的社会合作方式便是以自由民主法治为核心的现代政治文明。在现代政治文明的艰难建立过程中,自然法的观念起到了至关重要的作用。自然法使人类摆脱了神的控制,重新发现自身的价值,找回了人的自信和力量。经过社会现实和智识上的不断试错,一些公认的真理被确认,比如人生而平等,生而自由。令人惊奇的是,这些被奉为真理的自然法观念是人类经验的结晶,和宗教的教义一样并没有充分的理论论证。粗糙的契约论无法作为现代政治文明的基石。17、18世纪古典哲学对人类理性的过分自信破灭以后,自然法在人类智识的领域内被慢慢边缘化,实用主义、功利主义、实证主义等思想占据了思考的中心。不幸的是,不但人类理性有限,实用主义也极为有限,高度发达的文明带来了更高程度的毁灭和残酷,殖民主义的盛行和两次世界大战让人类痛定思痛：找到了创造大量财富的手段和观念,达到了政治文明的前所未有的高度,为什么带来了这样的结果呢? 二十世纪五十年代以后,作为回应,自然法再度兴起,罗尔斯是其中最引人注目的思考者之一。罗尔斯想摆脱古典自然法的粗陋,用一种更具有逻辑的、更具有说服力的新的理论来论证自然法,罗尔斯为此设计了“无知之幕”,提出古典自然法没有的“程序正义”观念,但是他的正义论两条基本原则的核心还是没有变,仍旧是自由和平等,只是增加了照顾弱者的观念。罗尔斯对自然法的重塑成为二十世纪后期思想史上的焦点之一,在人类思想史上的意义有何定论尚待时日。无论如何,罗尔斯的思考激起了同时代的最优秀的思考者的强烈反响。其思考对人类智识的增加和对人类文明的贡献需要更多的探讨。罗尔斯总结了西方历史上、特别文艺复兴以后的道德哲学和政治哲学,对已经被视为普世价值的自由、人权、民主宪政等运作做了梳理并更进一步。试图从抽象的思辩探寻人类社会合作生活的真理的尝试。从法哲学上来说,法律是公民、社会和国家的行动准则,当代国家的宪法代表了关于社会合作观念的最高水平。罗尔斯的正义论则试图建立宪法的基础理论。罗尔斯的正义论和政治自由主义对法律的观念产生了重大的影响,但是其观点并没有重大的创新,是否更加接近真理目前还不能下明确的结论。但是罗尔斯的高度肯定是20世纪思想家中所达到的最高水平之一,在思想史上的地位中肯定不是开创性的人物。但是,纵观罗尔斯一生的思考变化,从前期思考的总结《正义论》到最后的《政治自由主义》,从普遍性的人类合作正义退回到政治的范围之内,说明追问人类生存方式的抽象规范性思考是最终是苍白无力的,针对这个议题更多的是要依赖经验和不断的经验总结调整。罗尔斯年轻时的思考人类生存智慧的勃勃雄心最后不得不基于现实提出一些诸如承认多元化、寻找“重叠共识”的思考,某种程度上这是罗尔斯新自然法学的转变。他再一次澄清了古典自然法理论并做了升华,最后却发现这种普遍性的规范理论只适用在政治制度领域。“全力宽容、小心求证”也许是新自然法不得不面对的实际。
[Abstract]:For more than 500 years since fifteenth Century, human civilization has developed rapidly. The achievements have exceeded the past thousands of years. Among them, the industrial revolution, the unprecedented material wealth created by the progress of science and technology, and more splendid cultural achievements. The most important thing is that human beings have explored new ways of social cooperation, and more achievements have been created by human civilization. The new way of social cooperation is the modern political civilization with the rule of free democracy as the core. In the process of the difficult establishment of modern political civilization, the concept of natural law plays a vital role. The natural law makes human beings get rid of the control of God, rediscover their own values, find people's self-confidence and strength. And the constant trial and error of intelligence, some acknowledged truths are recognized, such as life is equal, and freedom is born.
It is surprising that these concepts of natural law are the crystallization of human experience, and there is no sufficient theoretical argument as religious doctrines. Rough contract theory cannot be used as the cornerstone of modern political civilization, after the disillusion of the overconfidence of human reason in the classical philosophy of.17,18 century, the natural law is in the field of human intelligence. Slowly marginalized, pragmatism, utilitarianism, positivism and other ideas occupy the center of thinking.
Unfortunately, not only is human rationality limited, pragmatism is also extremely limited, and the highly developed civilization has brought about a higher degree of destruction and cruelty. The prevalence of colonialism and the two world war made mankind painful: to find the means and ideas of creating wealth, to the unprecedented height of the political civilization, and to the reason why And that's the result?
After 1950s, Rawls was one of the most striking thinkers in response to the revival of natural law. Rawls wanted to get rid of the crude of the classical natural law and demonstrated the natural law with a more logical and persuasive new theory. Rawls designed the "curtain of ignorance" for this, and put forward classical self. However, there is no "procedural justice" concept, but the core of the two basic principles of his theory of justice remains unchanged. It is still free and equal, but only increases the idea of taking care of the weak.
Rawls's remolding of the natural law became one of the focal points in the ideological history of the late twentieth Century. There was a definite conclusion in the history of human thought. In any case, Rawls's thinking aroused the strong repercussions of the best thinkers of the same time. Rawls summed up the moral philosophy and political philosophy of the western history, especially after the Renaissance, combed the operation of freedom, human rights, democratic constitutionalism, which have been regarded as universal value, and tried to seek the truth of the living of human social cooperation from the abstract thinking. The code of action of citizens, society and state, the constitution of the contemporary country represents the highest level of the concept of social cooperation. Rawls's theory of justice tries to establish the basic theory of the constitution. Rawls's theory of justice and political liberalism have a great influence on the concept of law, but there is no significant innovation in its views. Closer to the truth, there is no clear conclusion yet. But Rawls's height must be one of the highest levels of thinkers in twentieth Century, certainly not a pioneering figure in the history of thought.
However, looking at the change of Rawls's thinking in his life, from the summary of the earlier thought to the last "political liberalism", from the universal human cooperation justice back to the political scope, the abstract and normative thinking about the way of human existence is ultimately pale and weak, and more depends on this issue. Experience and continuous experience summed up. Rawls's ambition to think of human survival when he was young was at last compelled to put forward some ideas, such as recognition of pluralism, and "overlapping consensus" based on reality, to some extent, the transformation of Rawls's new natural law. He once again clarified the classical theory of natural law and did it. In the end, it is found that this universal normative theory applies only to the political system. "Full tolerance and careful proof" may be the reality that the new natural law has to face.
【学位授予单位】：北方工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D909

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