法庭提问中预设的顺应—关联理论分析

发布时间：2018-05-28 14:16

本文选题：预设 + 预设触发语　；参考：《西南大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 预设,作为哲学和语言学关注的焦点之一,是一个争论不断的话题。自从德国哲学家弗雷格1892年首次提出这一概念以来,预设就引起了包括哲学家、逻辑学家、语言学家等各类学者的关注,并且在最近四十年里涌现出了大量关于预设的研究文献。研究表明,预设对语境十分敏感,与其在交际中的使用密不可分。在话语交际过程中,预设不是仅涉及语言结构本身的一种纯语言现象,而且是说话者发挥其主体性,组织构建话语过程的一个基础环节。在律师的法庭提问中也存在着丰富的预设。预设是律师用来制约证人的回答、在法庭审讯中赢得优势的一种语言策略。律师顺应证人的话语,在问题中设置语言圈套预设某个事实的存在,在直接询问中这个预设的事实是有利于证人的,而在间接询问中它则是不利于证人的。而法官和陪审团对证人的回答的判断将会建立在这个预设的语境之中,并受到该语境的影响。这种语用预设是通过语音、词汇/短语、句法、语篇四个层面的预设触发语引发的。因此预设的使用是同法庭审讯的进展密切相关的,是受具体语境制约的,随语境的变化不断改变形式。本文尝试探讨在法庭提问中律师如何运用预设这一语言策略进行意义操纵。本文通过建立一个切实可行的顺应—关联模式(A-R模式),集中讨论了预设的生成与理解过程。具体来说,本文对在法庭提问这一动态顺应过程中律师如何寻求与语境最佳关联的预设进行了讨论,并且指明了支配律师这一动态行为的元语用意识。本文共分六章。第一章引言介绍了本文研究的基本原理、意义、数据搜集方法以及全文的结构。第二章首先分别回顾了法律语言学及预设的相关理论,对预设触发语进行了分类,并对法律语言学中的预设研究进行了评述。第三章列举预设的主要研究方法,通过阐明顺应理论和关联理论对预设的相关研究及各自的不足,建构有助于阐述预设生成和理解过程的顺应—关联模式(简称A-R模式)。第四章结合《辛普森杀妻案庭审记录》中的片段,运用该理论模式详细分析了法庭提问中预设的生成与理解过程。第五章再次运用顺应—关联理论模式分析法庭提问中的预设,以期在理论层面上进一步深入探讨预设的生成与理解过程。第六章是结束语,总结了本文的主要研究成果及其对从法人员正确使用语言技巧的启示,最后指出了本文研究的不足之处以及对未来研究的建议。
[Abstract]:Presupposition, as one of the focal points of philosophy and linguistics, is a controversial topic. Since the German philosopher Frege first proposed this concept in 1892, presupposition has attracted the attention of various scholars, including philosophers, logicians, linguists, etc. And in the last four decades, there has been a great deal of research on presupposition. The study shows that presupposition is sensitive to context and closely related to its use in communication. In the process of discourse communication, presupposition is not only a pure linguistic phenomenon involving the language structure itself, but also a basic link for the speaker to give full play to his subjectivity and organize the utterance process. There are also rich presuppositions in lawyers' court questions. Presupposition is a language strategy used by lawyers to restrict the answers of witnesses and gain an advantage in court hearings. The lawyer obeys the witness's words and sets the language trap in the question to presuppose the existence of a fact. This presupposition fact is beneficial to the witness in the direct questioning, but it is unfavorable to the witness in the indirect interrogation. The judge and jury's judgment on the witness's answer will be based on and influenced by the preset context. This pragmatic presupposition is triggered by presupposition at four levels: pronunciation, vocabulary / phrase, syntax and discourse. Therefore, the use of presupposition is closely related to the progress of court hearings, is restricted by specific context, and changes the form with the change of context. This paper attempts to explore how lawyers use the presupposition strategy to manipulate meaning in court questioning. This paper focuses on the generation and understanding of presupposition by establishing a feasible adaptation-association pattern. Specifically, this paper discusses how lawyers seek the presupposition of optimal relevance to context in the process of dynamic adaptation of court questioning, and points out the meta-pragmatic consciousness that dominates the dynamic behavior of lawyers. This paper is divided into six chapters. The first chapter introduces the basic principle, significance, data collection method and structure of this paper. The second chapter reviews the relevant theories of forensic linguistics and presupposition, classifies presupposition triggers and reviews the research of presupposition in forensic linguistics. Chapter three enumerates the main research methods of presupposition. By expounding the relevant research on presupposition by adaptation theory and relevance theory and their respective shortcomings, the construction of adaptation and relevance pattern (A-R pattern) is helpful to explain the process of presupposition generation and understanding. The fourth chapter analyzes the presupposition and understanding process of court questioning by using the theoretical model combined with the segment of the trial record of Simpson's wife killing case. The fifth chapter analyzes the presupposition in court questioning with the model of adaptation-relevance theory again in order to further explore the formation and understanding process of presupposition at the theoretical level. The sixth chapter is the conclusion, which summarizes the main research results and their implications for the correct use of language skills by legal officers. Finally, it points out the shortcomings of this study and the suggestions for future research.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D90-055;H030

【引证文献】