论美国“743条款”的贸易壁垒性质

发布时间：2018-06-01 22:08

本文选题：SPS措施 + 贸易壁垒　；参考：《中国政法大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 2004年,中美双方协议相互解除禽肉产品相关禁令,由中国对美国冷冻禽肉及制品开放市场,而美国则承诺对中国熟制禽肉制品开放市场。但是,美国却在中国履约后拖延对中国禽肉制品开放市场,更于《2009年综合拨款法案》第“727条款”中以限制政府资金使用途径的方式将中国禽肉制品拒之门外。为维护本国在WTO协议下的合法权益,商务部于2009年4月将美国诉至WTO。就在“中国诉美国禽肉进口措施争端”解决程序向前推进的过程中,2009年10月,美国总统签署通过了《2010年农业拨款法》,其中以第“743条款”取代了“727条款”。从字面上看,“743条款”的内容似乎放宽了“727条款”对中国禽肉出口美国的限制,但根据该条款规定,美国农业部要使用财政资金检验中国禽肉体系需要满足一系列苛刻标准,并经历十分繁复冗长的程序,这严重阻碍着中国禽肉制品对美出口的实现。为了有理有据又有力地应对美国“743条款”可能给中国国内禽肉产业带来的不利影响,我们有必要分析该条款的性质并判断其是否构成国际贸易壁垒。 “743条款”出台不久,尚未见到官方中文译文,所以,笔者在引言中简要介绍了美国“743条款”出台的背景,并在文章第一部分介绍了该条款主要内容。接下来,在第二部分,笔者对照《SPS协定》规定的SPS措施定义,对“743条款”的性质加以分析。从其实施目的、实施效果和措施形式入手,得出“743条款”构成SPS措施,属于《SPS协定》约束范围的结论。确定了“743条款”的SPS措施性质后,笔者在文章的第三部分着力对《SPS协定》的主要原则,包括科学证据原则、风险评估和适度保护原则、非歧视原则及等效性原则在协定中的地位及其相互关系展开分析;在此基础上,又结合WTO经典争端案例,进一步对各原则的内容及其涉及的争议点进行研究。其中:科学证据原则的研究重点是科学证据“充分性”的认定及该原则与“临时措施”的关系;风险评估与适度保护原则的分析重点是风险评估的考量因素、适度保护的基本要求、适当保护水平与具体措施的关系这三个问题;对非歧视原则的研究集中在判断SPS措施违反该原则所必须具备的条件上;对等效性原则的分析则围绕该原则的重要性及其不断具体化、可操作化的进程展开。最后,对照文章第三部分中对《SPS协定》各重要原则含义的分析,笔者进一步分析美国“743条款”的性质,并得出该条款违背了《SPS协定》的科学证据原则、风险评估和适度保护原则及非歧视原则的结论,论证了“743条款”的贸易壁垒性质。
[Abstract]:In 2004, China and the United States agreed to lift each other's ban on poultry products, allowing China to open its markets to frozen poultry meat and products from the United States, while the United States pledged to open the market to Chinese cooked poultry products. However, the United States delayed opening the market for Chinese poultry products after China's compliance, and in section 727 of the 2009 Comprehensive Appropriations Act, it barred Chinese poultry products by restricting the use of government funds. To protect its legitimate rights and interests under the WTO agreement, the Commerce Department sued the United States in April 2009. In the course of the settlement of the dispute over measures for the importation of poultry meat from China v. the United States, in October 2009, the President of the United States signed and passed the Agricultural Appropriations Act of 2010, which replaces section 727 with section 743. Literally, the content of Section 743 appears to relax the restrictions on the export of Chinese poultry meat to the United States under Section 727, but under that provision, The USDA's use of financial funds to test China's poultry system needs to meet a series of tough standards and go through a cumbersome and lengthy process that seriously hampers exports of Chinese poultry products to the United States. In order to deal with the possible adverse effects of the US "Section 743" on China's domestic poultry industry, it is necessary to analyze the nature of the clause and determine whether it constitutes an international trade barrier. "743 clause" has not seen official translation in Chinese, so the author briefly introduces the background of "743 clause" in the introduction, and introduces the main content of the article in the first part of the article. Then, in the second part, the author analyzes the nature of "743 clause" with reference to the definition of SPS measures stipulated in the SPS Agreement. Starting with the purpose, effect and form of implementation, it is concluded that "743 clause" constitutes SPS measures and belongs to the binding scope of SPS Agreement. After determining the nature of SPS measures in Section 743, the author focuses on the main principles of the SPS Agreement, including the principle of scientific evidence, the principle of risk assessment and the principle of appropriate protection, in the third part of the article. On the basis of the analysis of the position of the principle of non-discrimination and the principle of equivalence in the agreement and the relationship between them, this paper further studies the contents of the principles and their controversial points in the light of the classic dispute cases of WTO. Among them, the research emphasis of the principle of scientific evidence is the recognition of "adequacy" of scientific evidence and the relationship between the principle and "interim measures", and the analysis of the principle of risk assessment and appropriate protection is the consideration of risk assessment. The basic requirements of appropriate protection, the relationship between the appropriate level of protection and the specific measures, the research on the principle of non-discrimination focuses on the conditions necessary for judging the violation of the principle by SPS measures; The analysis of the principle of equivalence revolves around the importance of the principle and its concrete and operable process. Finally, according to the analysis of the meaning of the important principles of the SPS Agreement in the third part of the article, the author further analyzes the nature of the "743 Clause" in the United States, and draws a conclusion that the Article violates the principle of scientific evidence of the "SPS Agreement". The conclusion of risk assessment, moderate protection principle and non-discrimination principle demonstrates the nature of Trade Barrier in Article 743.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D971.2

【相似文献】