格劳秀斯自然法思想研究

发布时间：2018-06-07 12:15

本文选题：格劳秀斯 + 自然法　；参考：《湘潭大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：格劳秀斯的自然法思想是一个特殊时代的产物。16世纪末至17世纪初，基督教神学慢慢衰落，理性的力量逐渐兴起，各君主国和宗教教派间围绕国家利益和宗教信仰，爆发了激烈的政治宗教冲突。格劳秀斯的母国荷兰此时刚摆脱西班牙的殖民统治，快速崛起并与西、葡两国在争夺海外贸易上摩擦不断。格劳秀斯个人由于出生于加尔文贵族家庭，又接受了人文主义的教育，因而兼受基督教与人文主义的影响。这些就是格劳秀斯自然法思想形成的历史背景。在格劳秀斯的自然法思想中，必要的上帝是其逻辑起点，上帝创造了万物并赋予他们不同的属性。在他看来，自然法是客观存在的，先验和经验两种方法都能证明；自然法源于人性，即理性，而理性是上帝赐予人类的礼物，因而信仰与理性是可以兼容的；法律分为两类，自然法与意志法，意志法又有神意法和人意法的区别。论及自然法与意志法的关系，他认为神意法包含自然法，而自然法则是人意法的基础和准则。格劳秀斯还阐述了生命、自由、财产等天赋权利，并重点描述了人类从共有物权到私有财产的演变。他试图协调现代理性的新见解、新方法与传统的宗教信仰之间的矛盾。格劳秀斯关于自然法原则的思考，对他构建系统的国际法体系具有重要的指导作用。从自然法强调的人类共有物权和人的本性渴望正义中，他推导出了他的海洋自由思想和正义战争理论。海洋自由缘于海洋是人类的共有物，它是人性与人之自然权利的体现。正义战争理论强调并非所有战争都是非正义的，正义战争离不开主权国家与发动战争的正当理由，二者缺一不可。战争中保有仁义与节制是高尚的正义行为。格劳秀斯的努力在国际法领域得到广泛认可，他已被公认为“近代国际法之父”。格劳秀斯的自然法思想，作为过渡时期的特殊思想，它兼具保守与进步的双重特性，表现出内容上强调个体性及自然权利，来源上突出理性与信仰交织，，方法上重视理性主义方法论，价值取向上时有普世原则与民族感情相冲突的多维特征。格劳秀斯的自然法思想尽管还没能完全摆脱神学的影响，但它将人性、理性与自然法紧密结合，首次在近代提出自然权利的理念，对自然法的近代转型起着开创性的作用；同时，它在国际海洋法、国际战争法领域也产生了重大的现实影响。
[Abstract]:Grotius' thought of natural law was the product of a special age. From the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 17th century, Christian theology gradually declined, the power of reason gradually rose, and the monarchies and religious sects revolved around the national interests and religious beliefs. A fierce political and religious conflict broke out. Grotius' home country, the Netherlands, was emerging from Spain's colonial rule, rising rapidly and competing with the West for foreign trade. Grotius was born in the aristocratic family of Calvin and received the education of humanism, so he was influenced by Christianity and humanism. These are the historical background of Grotius' thought of natural law. In Grotius' thought of natural law, the necessary God is its logical starting point, God created all things and endowed them with different attributes. In his view, natural law is objective and can be proved by both transcendental and experiential methods; natural law is derived from human nature, that is, reason, and reason is a gift given by God to human beings, so faith and reason are compatible; the law is divided into two categories. The law of nature and the law of will, the law of will has the difference between the law of God and the law of satisfaction. Referring to the relationship between natural law and will law, he thinks that divine law contains natural law, and natural law is the basis and criterion of satisfactory law. Grotius also expounds the natural rights of life, freedom, property and so on, and focuses on the evolution of human beings from common real right to private property. He tries to reconcile the contradiction between modern rational new ideas, new methods and traditional religious beliefs. Grotius' thinking on the principles of natural law plays an important guiding role in constructing a systematic system of international law. From the common real right of human beings and the human nature's desire for justice, he deduced his thoughts of freedom of the sea and the theory of just war. The freedom of the sea stems from the fact that the sea is the common thing of mankind, and it is the embodiment of human nature and human's natural rights. The theory of just war emphasizes that not all wars are unjust, and that just war can not be separated from sovereign states and the just reasons for waging war, both of which are indispensable. The preservation of righteousness and moderation in war is a noble act of justice. Grotius' efforts have been widely recognized in the field of international law, he has been recognized as "the father of modern international law." Grotius' thought of natural law, as a special thought in the transitional period, has both the characteristics of conservatism and progress, showing the emphasis on individuality and natural rights in content, and the intertwining of reason and belief in the source. The method attaches importance to rationalism methodology, and the value orientation has the multidimensional characteristics of the conflict between universal principles and national feelings. Although Grotius' natural law thought has not completely escaped the influence of theology, it combines human nature, reason and natural law closely, and puts forward the idea of natural right for the first time in modern times, which plays a pioneering role in the modern transformation of natural law. At the same time, it has produced great realistic influence in the field of international law of the sea and international law of war.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D909.1

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