北宋食盐专卖制度研究
发布时间：2018-08-12 20:22
【摘要】：北宋立国,吸取唐末藩镇割据和五代纷争的教训,实行高度中央集权统治,采取了一系列措施,逐渐削弱地方的军事力量和经济基础,但由此也产生了“冗官耗于上,冗兵耗下于”的局面,加之外患频仍,财政问题日益突出,促使宋政府对专卖收入愈加重视。在北宋专卖收入中,食盐始终占据着主导地位,因此围绕盐法的变革不断。食盐立法和盐利收入都与北宋的社会、政治、经济状况密不可分。北宋政府不断变革盐法,其方式无非是官卖与通商之间的转变,最终目的就是获取最大限度的盐利,以保证国家的财政收入和支出。 本文从经济法史的角度审视了北宋榷盐制度,通过介绍北宋时期食盐专卖制度和盐法变迁,探讨当时条件下盐法变化的规律以及与政治经济背景的关联。北宋盐法变迁的最终规律是官卖制逐渐向通商制转变,官卖制下盐利收入由地方掌管,而通商制盐利所得悉归中央,盐利的归属才是问题的本质。可以说,盐法变化是北宋政府出于削弱地方经济权、巩固中央集权的需要。榷盐制度下不同经济体所承担的权利和义务也不同,北宋政府想囊括全部的盐利,无奈力不从心,大量食盐的运输需要商人,只能采取间接专卖的方式管理和控制商人,国家在为商人获得盐利提供机会的同时,想方设法进行干预,而盐商采取各种手段反对国家干预,如私贩、偷税、漏税等。因此,国家与盐商始终在争利与共利的过程中博弈。国家基本上控制了食盐全部的生产领域,切断了盐商与盐民之间的联系,剥夺了盐民的剩余价值,使其履行了更多的义务,却获得了微乎其微的权利,因而,国家与盐民之间是一种赤裸裸的剥削与被剥削关系。食盐专卖只是政府治理财政的一种手段,不同的环境下会产生不同的后果,北宋时期的榷盐制度对当时社会各方面产生了很大的影响,如军事方面,助边费的十分之八都来自于榷盐收入,同时,盐钞的应用不但推动了宋代信用货币的发展,而且为纸币奠定了基础。 总的来说,北宋时期盐法频繁变化,是统治者出于政治、财政、经济、军事等因素的考虑,维护政权的需要,虽有不少弊端,但从某种程度上来说,榷盐制度也促进了当时商品经济的发展。
[Abstract]:The Northern Song Dynasty, learning from the lessons of the separation of towns in the late Tang Dynasty and the disputes of the five dynasties, exercised a high degree of centralization of power and adopted a series of measures to gradually weaken the local military force and economic base, but this also resulted in "redundant officials wasting on the ground." The situation of redundant soldiers consumed by ", together with the frequent foreign troubles, the increasingly prominent financial problems, prompted the Song government to pay more attention to monopoly revenue. In the Northern Song Dynasty monopoly income, salt has always occupied a dominant position, so the revolution around salt law. Salt legislation and salt income are closely related to the social, political and economic situation of the Northern Song Dynasty. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty constantly changed the salt law, its way is nothing more than the change between the official sale and the trade, the ultimate goal is to obtain the maximum salt profit, in order to guarantee the national financial revenue and the expenditure. This paper examines the salt system of the Northern Song Dynasty from the angle of the history of economic law. By introducing the salt monopoly system and the changes of salt law in the Northern Song Dynasty, this paper probes into the law of salt law change under the condition of that time and its relation with the political and economic background. The ultimate law of salt law vicissitude in Northern Song Dynasty was that the official selling system gradually changed to the trade system, and the income of salt interest under the official selling system was under the control of the local government, and the profit from the trade and salt production came under the control of the central government, and the ownership of the salt interest was the essence of the problem. It can be said that the salt law change is the need of the Northern Song Dynasty government to weaken the local economic power and consolidate the centralization power. Under the salt system, the rights and obligations of different economies are also different. The Northern Song Dynasty government wanted to cover all the salt profits, but was unable to do so. The transportation of a large amount of table salt needed merchants, so it could only be managed and controlled by indirect monopolization. The state, while providing opportunities for merchants to obtain salt profits, tried every means to intervene, while salt merchants took various measures against state intervention, such as private traders, tax evasion, and so on. Therefore, the state and salt merchants always in the process of profit and common interests game. The state has basically controlled all the areas of salt production, cut off the link between salt merchants and salt people, deprived salt people of their surplus value, and made them fulfil more obligations, but they obtained very little rights, so that, The relationship between the state and the salt people is a kind of naked exploitation and exploitation. Salt monopoly is only a means for the government to manage finance, and it will have different consequences under different circumstances. The salt system in the Northern Song Dynasty had a great influence on all aspects of society at that time, such as military affairs. At the same time, the application of salt bills not only promoted the development of credit currency in Song Dynasty, but also laid the foundation for paper money. In general, the frequent changes in salt laws during the Northern Song Dynasty were due to the rulers' consideration of political, financial, economic, military and other factors, and the need to maintain political power, although there were many drawbacks, to some extent, The salt system also promoted the development of commodity economy at that time.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D912.29;D929
本文编号：2180260
[Abstract]:The Northern Song Dynasty, learning from the lessons of the separation of towns in the late Tang Dynasty and the disputes of the five dynasties, exercised a high degree of centralization of power and adopted a series of measures to gradually weaken the local military force and economic base, but this also resulted in "redundant officials wasting on the ground." The situation of redundant soldiers consumed by ", together with the frequent foreign troubles, the increasingly prominent financial problems, prompted the Song government to pay more attention to monopoly revenue. In the Northern Song Dynasty monopoly income, salt has always occupied a dominant position, so the revolution around salt law. Salt legislation and salt income are closely related to the social, political and economic situation of the Northern Song Dynasty. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty constantly changed the salt law, its way is nothing more than the change between the official sale and the trade, the ultimate goal is to obtain the maximum salt profit, in order to guarantee the national financial revenue and the expenditure. This paper examines the salt system of the Northern Song Dynasty from the angle of the history of economic law. By introducing the salt monopoly system and the changes of salt law in the Northern Song Dynasty, this paper probes into the law of salt law change under the condition of that time and its relation with the political and economic background. The ultimate law of salt law vicissitude in Northern Song Dynasty was that the official selling system gradually changed to the trade system, and the income of salt interest under the official selling system was under the control of the local government, and the profit from the trade and salt production came under the control of the central government, and the ownership of the salt interest was the essence of the problem. It can be said that the salt law change is the need of the Northern Song Dynasty government to weaken the local economic power and consolidate the centralization power. Under the salt system, the rights and obligations of different economies are also different. The Northern Song Dynasty government wanted to cover all the salt profits, but was unable to do so. The transportation of a large amount of table salt needed merchants, so it could only be managed and controlled by indirect monopolization. The state, while providing opportunities for merchants to obtain salt profits, tried every means to intervene, while salt merchants took various measures against state intervention, such as private traders, tax evasion, and so on. Therefore, the state and salt merchants always in the process of profit and common interests game. The state has basically controlled all the areas of salt production, cut off the link between salt merchants and salt people, deprived salt people of their surplus value, and made them fulfil more obligations, but they obtained very little rights, so that, The relationship between the state and the salt people is a kind of naked exploitation and exploitation. Salt monopoly is only a means for the government to manage finance, and it will have different consequences under different circumstances. The salt system in the Northern Song Dynasty had a great influence on all aspects of society at that time, such as military affairs. At the same time, the application of salt bills not only promoted the development of credit currency in Song Dynasty, but also laid the foundation for paper money. In general, the frequent changes in salt laws during the Northern Song Dynasty were due to the rulers' consideration of political, financial, economic, military and other factors, and the need to maintain political power, although there were many drawbacks, to some extent, The salt system also promoted the development of commodity economy at that time.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D912.29;D929
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