古沉船保护法律问题研究
发布时间：2018-12-14 01:31
【摘要】： 随着现代科技的发展,人类的活动触角伸向海洋,发现并获取沉没在海底几百年的文化遗产。这些文化遗产同埋藏在陆地上的文化遗产一样见证了人类文明的发展,无不打上了历史的烙印,因此除了其自身包含的价值之外,还蕴含丰富的考古和历史价值,这对于人类了解自身历史,了解人类文明的发展历程,推动相关研究,承传文化精髓都有非常重要的意义。 自17世纪海洋法产生以来,联合国海洋法会议较为系统的编写了大量有关海洋法的法律规则,但遗憾的是这些海洋规则主要反映海洋大国的利益且极不完善,使得古沉船成为一些利欲熏心的捞宝者肆意打捞目标。2001年联合国教科文组织通过的《保护水下文化遗产公约》可谓是水下文化遗产保护的福音,在尊重现存的海洋法规则的基础上确立了一个打击商业性打捞、保护水下文化遗产的框架,较好的平衡了相关利益。现在保护水下文化遗产公约修订完毕,等待生效,拥有众多古沉船的中国一直都很关注与古沉船相关的国际法律,目前,中国正考虑是否应加入公约,如果加入,又如何修订现行国内法律使之与公约相协调?如果最后做出了不加入公约的决定,又如何修订国内的法律以顺应世界国际社会对水下文化遗产保护的趋势?本文试图通过梳理相关国际国内的法律,界定相关基本概念的基础上,围绕古沉船保护诸多方面展开论述,回答一些问题,并期望对我国相关立法的完善提出一些有益的思考。 在结构安排上,本文采用一般研究生毕业论文的一般范式:界定基本概念——梳理国际国内相关法律——深入理解现行制度的设计——结合我国的实际情况反思现行相关国内立法规定并提出相关构想。具体而言,本文分为八章部分,分别论述下列相关内容: 第一部分古沉船含义与范围。本部分主要阐述古沉船的基本概念,结合国际公约以及国内相关概念界定古沉船及其范围,为后续论文进行奠定基础。 第二部分是关于古沉船的法律定性。古沉船的法律定性问题答案的差异必然会引起各国在对待古沉船的态度、所采取的措施和政策上的千差万别。本文试图从相关的国际法国内法找出并分析古沉船的法律定性问题相关依据,从而引出笔者的观点。 第三部分是关于古沉船的所有权归属问题。古沉船的所有权归属问题极其复杂。唯一专门规定水下文化遗产的公约--《保护水下文化遗产公约》对水下文化遗产的所有权问题也避而不谈。本文试图从相关国内法找出并分析古沉船的所有权归属问题相关依据,提出笔者的观点。 第四部分是关于古沉船的保护原则问题。在梳理国际国内法律的基础上,分析水下文化遗产保护的基本原则的基础上厘定古沉船保护原则,主要目标是在建立有效制度上提供系统理论参考。 第五、六部分是关于古沉船的保护方式。通常水下文化遗产保护就地保护为首选方式,但当其面临巨大的危险或潜在的威胁时就要采用其他方式如打捞发掘等方式来保护,而这类保护活动关系管辖等重要问题需要加以明确。 第七部分是法律责任问题。权利与义务相辅相成,有责主体因违反法律义务的事实而应承受依相法确认并强制或承受的合理负担。本部分目的在于理清国际国内相关法律制度,整理古沉船保护主体的义务以及法律责任以敦促有责主体履行其义务。 第八部分提出构建并完善我国古沉船保护法律制度的设想。从我国的实践出发,通过对反思我国现行相关立法,并试图回答在前文中提出的相关问题,在构建保护古沉船法律方面抛砖引玉。 最后的结语是对本文内容的简要概括和总结。
[Abstract]:With the development of modern science and technology, the human activity's antenna extends to the ocean, and finds and acquires the cultural heritage that has sunk in the bottom of the sea. The cultural heritage, like the cultural heritage buried on the land, has witnessed the development of human civilization, all of which has been marked by history, and, in addition to its own value, it contains abundant archaeological and historical values, which is about the history of mankind. It is of great significance to understand the development of human civilization, to promote the research and to carry on the essence of culture. Since the generation of the law of the sea in the 17 th century, the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea has been more systematic in the preparation of a number of legal rules on the law of the sea, but it is regrettable that these maritime rules mainly reflect the interests of the major maritime Powers and are very important In 2001, the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), is an underwater cultural heritage protection. On the basis of respect for the existing rules of the law of the sea, the gospel has established a framework for the fight against commercial fishing, the protection of the underwater cultural heritage, the better balance of the phase, The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage now has been revised, pending its entry into force, and China, which has a large number of ancient sunken ships, has been concerned about the international law relating to the ancient sunken ship. At present, China is considering whether to accede to the Convention, such as How to amend the existing domestic laws to make it compatible with the Convention Co-ordination? If the decision not to accede to the Convention is finally made, how to amend the domestic law to comply with the international community's protection of the underwater cultural heritage This paper attempts to discuss and answer some questions about the protection of the ancient sunken ship by combing the relevant international and domestic laws and defining the relevant basic concepts, and it is expected to put forward some useful suggestions on the perfection of relevant legislation in China. On the structure arrangement, this article adopts the general paradigm of the general postgraduates' graduation thesis: to define the basic concept, to sort out the relevant laws in the international and to understand the design of the current system, and to reflect on the current relevant domestic legislation in the light of the actual situation of our country The paper is divided into eight chapters, which are divided into eight chapters. The following relevant contents are as follows: Part of the meaning and scope of the ancient sunken ship. This part mainly expounds the basic concept of the ancient sunken ship, and defines the ancient sunken ship and its scope in combination with the international conventions and the related concepts in China. The foundation is laid for the follow-up paper. The second part is about the legal characterization of the ancient sunken ship. This paper attempts to find out and analyze the legal and qualitative questions of the ancient sunken ship from the relevant national law of international law The relevant basis of the question, thus leading the author's point of view. The third part is about the ownership of the ancient sunken ship. A question. The issue of ownership of the ancient sunken ship is extremely complex. The only convention that specifically provides for the underwater cultural heritage--the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage> The problem of the ownership of the underwater cultural heritage is also avoided. The article tries to find out and analyze the ancient sunken ship from the relevant domestic law. On the basis of the ownership of ownership, the author puts forward the author's view The fourth part is the protection principle of the ancient sunken ship. On the basis of combing the international domestic law, the basic principle of the protection of the underwater cultural heritage is analyzed, and the original protection of the ancient sunken ship is determined on the basis of the analysis of the basic principles of the protection of the underwater cultural heritage however, that main objective is to provide the system on the establishment of an effective system The fifth and the sixth part are the protection of the ancient sunken ship. Generally, the protection of the underwater cultural heritage is the preferred way, but when it is facing a great danger or a potential threat, other means, such as the salvage and excavation, are to be used. type to protect, and this class of protection The important issues such as the jurisdiction of the relationship need to be clarified. The seventh part is the legal liability. The rights and obligations are mutually reinforcing and have the responsibility of the Lord. The purpose of this part is to clarify the relevant legal system of the international To organize the obligations of the ancient sunken ship to protect the main body and the legal responsibility to urge the responsible body The eighth part puts forward the idea of building and perfecting the legal system of the protection of the ancient sunken ship in our country. The Act, and seeks to answer the questions raised in the preceding text,
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D929
本文编号：2377649
[Abstract]:With the development of modern science and technology, the human activity's antenna extends to the ocean, and finds and acquires the cultural heritage that has sunk in the bottom of the sea. The cultural heritage, like the cultural heritage buried on the land, has witnessed the development of human civilization, all of which has been marked by history, and, in addition to its own value, it contains abundant archaeological and historical values, which is about the history of mankind. It is of great significance to understand the development of human civilization, to promote the research and to carry on the essence of culture. Since the generation of the law of the sea in the 17 th century, the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea has been more systematic in the preparation of a number of legal rules on the law of the sea, but it is regrettable that these maritime rules mainly reflect the interests of the major maritime Powers and are very important In 2001, the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), is an underwater cultural heritage protection. On the basis of respect for the existing rules of the law of the sea, the gospel has established a framework for the fight against commercial fishing, the protection of the underwater cultural heritage, the better balance of the phase, The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage now has been revised, pending its entry into force, and China, which has a large number of ancient sunken ships, has been concerned about the international law relating to the ancient sunken ship. At present, China is considering whether to accede to the Convention, such as How to amend the existing domestic laws to make it compatible with the Convention Co-ordination? If the decision not to accede to the Convention is finally made, how to amend the domestic law to comply with the international community's protection of the underwater cultural heritage This paper attempts to discuss and answer some questions about the protection of the ancient sunken ship by combing the relevant international and domestic laws and defining the relevant basic concepts, and it is expected to put forward some useful suggestions on the perfection of relevant legislation in China. On the structure arrangement, this article adopts the general paradigm of the general postgraduates' graduation thesis: to define the basic concept, to sort out the relevant laws in the international and to understand the design of the current system, and to reflect on the current relevant domestic legislation in the light of the actual situation of our country The paper is divided into eight chapters, which are divided into eight chapters. The following relevant contents are as follows: Part of the meaning and scope of the ancient sunken ship. This part mainly expounds the basic concept of the ancient sunken ship, and defines the ancient sunken ship and its scope in combination with the international conventions and the related concepts in China. The foundation is laid for the follow-up paper. The second part is about the legal characterization of the ancient sunken ship. This paper attempts to find out and analyze the legal and qualitative questions of the ancient sunken ship from the relevant national law of international law The relevant basis of the question, thus leading the author's point of view. The third part is about the ownership of the ancient sunken ship. A question. The issue of ownership of the ancient sunken ship is extremely complex. The only convention that specifically provides for the underwater cultural heritage--the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage> The problem of the ownership of the underwater cultural heritage is also avoided. The article tries to find out and analyze the ancient sunken ship from the relevant domestic law. On the basis of the ownership of ownership, the author puts forward the author's view The fourth part is the protection principle of the ancient sunken ship. On the basis of combing the international domestic law, the basic principle of the protection of the underwater cultural heritage is analyzed, and the original protection of the ancient sunken ship is determined on the basis of the analysis of the basic principles of the protection of the underwater cultural heritage however, that main objective is to provide the system on the establishment of an effective system The fifth and the sixth part are the protection of the ancient sunken ship. Generally, the protection of the underwater cultural heritage is the preferred way, but when it is facing a great danger or a potential threat, other means, such as the salvage and excavation, are to be used. type to protect, and this class of protection The important issues such as the jurisdiction of the relationship need to be clarified. The seventh part is the legal liability. The rights and obligations are mutually reinforcing and have the responsibility of the Lord. The purpose of this part is to clarify the relevant legal system of the international To organize the obligations of the ancient sunken ship to protect the main body and the legal responsibility to urge the responsible body The eighth part puts forward the idea of building and perfecting the legal system of the protection of the ancient sunken ship in our country. The Act, and seeks to answer the questions raised in the preceding text,
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D929
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