论我国法官助理制度的完善

发布时间：2018-03-31 22:07

本文选题：法官助理　切入点：美国联邦法院　出处：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：尽管法官助理制度已经在美国实践了100多年,但在我国,从它的提出到现在只有20多年的时间,该制度仍处于雏形阶段,我们仍需要走很长的一段路去摸索和探寻具有中国特色的法官助理制度。本文以中、美两国法官助理制度的历史发展为视角,解构两国法官助理制度,并从制度形成的内因和制度的特殊性着手,比较分析两国法官助理制度的差异性,继而总结出我国可以借鉴的美国实践经验。具体来讲,全文的四部分内容如下:第一部分从历史发展的角度对我国法官助理制度在实践和理论层面的产生与发展,及目前我国司法实践的现状进行概述。一直以来,我国法官助理制度在最高人民法院的主导下进行:1999年最高人民法院在《人民法院五年改革纲要》中第一次提出了法官助理的概念,并开始了法官助理的试点工作。2004年最高人民法院在《关于在部分地方人民法院开展法官助理试点工作的意见》中初步规定了法官助理的职责和任职条件,并确立了18个试点法院。2005年最高人民法院通过《人民法院第二个五年改革纲要》在全国各地法院继续推行法官助理的尝试,并提出制定法官、法官助理、书记员等法院内部人员的分类管理办法。2007年最高人民法院在西部基层人民法院推行试点。2009年最高人民法院在《人民法院第三个五年改革纲要》中强调“完善法官及其辅助人员分类管理的制度”。2015年最高人民法院在《关于全面深化人民法院改革的意见》中再次强调“推动法院人员分类管理制度改革”。2016年中央全面深化改革领导小组会议通过了《关于招录人民法院法官助理、人民检察院检察官助理的意见》,确定了法官助理的招录条件、来源等。2016年6月,中共中央组织部、中共中央政法委员会、最高人民法院和最高人民检察院共同出台了《法官助理、检察官助理和书记员职务序列改革试点方案》,确定了法官助理按综合管理类公务员进行管理,并对其设置单独的职务层级。第二部分将重点分析我国法官助理制度几个方面的现实困境。因为一个制度的构建与发展是离不开理论支撑的,所以我国学界从多角度对法官助理制度进行了理论研究,其中,有的学者分析和比较了其他国家相对成熟的法官助理制度,并根据我国司法系统、法院系统、法官制度等特点,将一些实践经验予以吸收和借鉴。有学者对我国实践经验进行了总结,在此基础上分析出我国法官助理制度构建的难题,这有助于推进各试点法院的工作。对构建我国法官助理制度的实践和理论的摸索应当相辅相成,互为支撑,因此对该制度进一步深层次地理论研究是非常有必要的。第三部分将介绍美国联邦法官助理制度的形成与演变,及中、美法官助理制度的比较。美国联邦法官助理制度始于1882年,随着社会的发展,联邦法院的案件量在不断攀升,而法官助理制度就是在这个过程中得以形成并逐渐发展起来的。随着联邦法官工作量的增多,法官助理的数量也在不断增长。一方面,联邦法官助理在很大程度上缓解了法官的工作压力。这些助理来自于美国知名大学的法学院,他们成绩优异,并且能力突出,能够为法官提供法学院最前沿的研究动态和成果。另一方面,从历史发展的角度看,他们的职责在不断的扩大,从最开始的事务性职能,到开始接触法官的审判业务,再到代替法官起草法律意见书。这一现象引发了美国学界的激烈讨论,主流观点则认为,法官助理确实会对法官产生影响,但这种影响是温和,并且这种危险性是可控的。美国学界对联邦法官助理制度的争议点与我国既有交叉又有不同,因此在比较分析时应当突出重点。由于中国与美国分属于不同法系,法律体系和法律制度是不同的,所以我们不能简单地、不加筛选地借鉴美国相对完善的法官助理制度,因为那样可能会造成水土不服的窘境。由此,本文采用比较分析和重点分析的方法,对中、美两国制度的比较研究有选择性地进行,也就是剔除各有社会特色和法律特色的部分,把一些实践经验分解、精细化,再套用在我国的实践中。如美国联邦法院聘用法学院毕业生担任短期法官助理的实践做法,可以加入到我国法官助理的来源里,解决法官助理数量不足的问题。第四部分将依据我国法官助理制度的现状及美国联邦法官助理的实践,从而提出了完善我国法官助理制度的几点建议,并论述了其合理性和必要性。其中包括扩大法官助理的来源、法官助理在其职责上应具有多样性和差异性、完善独具我国特色的法官助理的招录、考评及晋升等配套制度。
[Abstract]:Although the judge assistant system has been practiced for 100 years in the United States, but in China, it's from up to now only 20 years of time, the system is still in the embryonic stage, we still need to go a long way to explore and research the judge assistant system has Chinese characteristics. In this paper, the history of the development of the system of judge assistant in America from the perspective of deconstruction of judge assistant system between the two countries, the special system and from the internal and the formation of system to compare the two of the judges assistant system, and concluded that China can learn from the American experience. Specifically, the content of the four part of the thesis is as follows: the first part from the angle of the historical development of judicial assistant system in China in the emergence and development of practice and theory, and the present situation of our country's judicial practice were summarized. All the time, our country in the supreme judicial assistant system The leading court under the Supreme People's court in 1999: "people's court reform for five years" first proposed the concept of assistant judges, and began the pilot work of judge assistant.2004 the Supreme People's court in "on the local people's court to carry out the pilot work on the part of judge assistant opinions in provides preliminary judge assistant duties and qualifications, and established 18 pilot attempts to court.2005 the Supreme People's court to continue the judge assistant in the courts of the country through the" people's Court of the second five year reform outline ", and formulates the judge, judge assistant, clerk of the court personnel classification management method.2007 the Supreme People's court in the western part of the grassroots people's court pilot.2009 the Supreme People's court in the" people's Court of the third five year reform outline > stressed that "perfect judge and assistant personnel The classified management system ".2015" in the Supreme People's Court on deepening the comprehensive reform of the people's court opinions stressed again.2016 comprehensive deepening reform the central leading group meeting of the "people's court judge on recruiting assistant to promote the reform of court personnel classification system, the people's Procuratorate procurator assistant opinions, judge assistant the recruitment conditions are determined. The sources of.2016 in June, the Organization Department of CPC Central Committee, the CPC Central Committee, the Supreme People's court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate jointly issued the" assistant judges, prosecutors and the pilot program assistant clerk positions reform sequence >, determined the judge assistant management according to the comprehensive management of the civil service, and set up a separate the job level of. The second part will focus on the analysis of reality of the plight of several judges assistant system of our country. Because of a system of construction and Development cannot do without theoretical support, so I Ancient Chinese Literature Search circle from the perspective of judge assistant system were studied, among them, some scholars analyzed and compared the judge assistant system is relatively mature in other countries, and according to our country's judicial system, court system, the judge system characteristics, will be absorbed and some practical experience reference. Some scholars summarize our practical experience, on the basis of analysis of problems in the establishment of judicial assistant system in China, which helps to promote the pilot work of the court. The theory and practice of the construction of judge assistant system in China exploration should complement each other, mutual support, thus further in-depth theory the system research is very necessary. The third part will introduce the formation and evolution of the federal system of judge assistant and assistant judge system, comparison of beauty. The United States federal judge assistant system Degree in 1882, with the development of society, the amount of federal court cases continues to rise, and the judge assistant system is in the process to be formed and developed gradually. With the increase of the number of federal judge workload, judge assistant is also growing. On the one hand, a federal judge assistant to ease the work pressure on the judge to a great extent. The assistant from the famous American university law school, their excellent achievements and outstanding ability, research trends and results can provide the law school to the forefront of judges. On the other hand, from the perspective of historical development, their responsibilities are constantly expanding, from the beginning of the business functions. To begin to contact the judge's business, to replace judge drafting legal opinions. This phenomenon led to intense discussion of the scholars of the United States, the mainstream view is that the judge assistant to do The influence of judges, but this effect is mild, and the risk is controllable. The scholars of the federal judge assistant system point of dispute with China in both cross and different, so the comparative analysis should be focused. Because China and the United States belong to different legal system, legal system and legal system is different so, we can not simply, without reference to screening judge assistant system of the United States is relatively perfect, because that may cause the dilemma of The climate does not suit one.. Therefore, this paper uses the method of comparative analysis, and focus on analysis, comparative study of the United States system selectively, that is eliminating the social characteristics and the legal characteristics, the practical experiences of decomposition, refinement, then apply in the practice of our country. Such as the practice of the federal courts of the United States employment law school graduates a short stint as assistant judge Practice, can be added to the source of China's assistant judge, judge assistant to solve the problem of insufficient quantity. The fourth part will be based on the practice status of judge assistant system in China and the United States federal judge assistant, and puts forward some suggestions on perfecting the judicial assistant system in China, and discusses its rationality and necessity. Including the expansion of sources of assistant judge, judge assistant should have diversity and differences in their responsibilities, improve the unique characteristics of judge assistant recruiting, evaluation and promotion system.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D926.2

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