南京国民政府时期法官制度研究

发布时间：2018-04-21 19:21

本文选题：南京国民政府 + 法官制度　；参考：《安徽大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：在一个国家和社会,法官作为社会纠纷的最终裁决者,其适用法律(实体法和程序法)是否公正,直接决定司法公正能否实现。法官在英文中称为judge或justice,意思是“其职责是裁决纠纷和其他提交给法院决定的事情的人的总称”。在我国的《辞海》中解释为“对审判人员的统称,无论审判人员的正式职称是什么(审判官、裁判官、推事、判事等),均可称为法官”。在我国,从清末始将法官称为推事,直到国民政府败亡台湾后,在1989年12月12日年修改的《法院组织法》中才将其更名为法官。鸦片战争后,西方先进的司法理念被带到了中国,中国法制原先近乎封闭式的发展局面被彻底打破,中国从此也开始了司法现代化改革的进程。法官制度作为司法制度的核心制度,其改革一直是近代司法改革的重要内容,这在南京国民政府时期(1928-1949)也不例外。南京国民政府出于维护自身统治的需要,其必须拥有大量的掌握丰富法律知识并富有实践经验的高素质精良法官队伍将其颁布的法律付诸实施,因此法官制度一直是南京国民政府时期司法制度建设的重要方面。本文以南京国民政府时期的法官制度为研究对象,在对史料以及相关论著的收集和分析的基础上,对南京国民政府法官制度进行初步的介绍和分析研究。本文正文分为三个部分：第一部分,南京国民政府时期法官制度的历史成因。本部分首先介绍南京国民政府法官制度产生的时代背景,清朝末期的司法改革成为法官制度现代化建设的开端,辛亥革命后的司法制度建设为南京国民政府法官制度提供了制度基础。其次介绍了南京国民政府法官制度的理论渊源,西方的司法独立理念和孙中山的“五权宪法”和“权能分治”理论是其产生的理论来源。第二部分介绍了南京国民政府时期法官制度具体架构与运行。(一)法官的遴选制度。法官的遴选制度具体包括：法官的任职资格、法官的考试制度和法官的任用制度。(二)法官的培训制度。(三)法官的考核制度。(四)法官的奖惩制度。(五)法官的待遇。法官的待遇具体包括：法官的薪俸制度、法官的抚退制度、法官的职位保障制度和法官的晋升制度。第三部分是对南京国民政府时期法官制度的整体性评价,对其合理性和缺陷进行了分析。本部分首先介绍了南京国民政府时期法官制度的合理性。虽然其法官制度建设主要是为了维护统治,但在具体制度的建设方面体现了法官制度的现代化要求,实现了与国际的接轨,推动了法官职业化的进程,取得了一定有益的成效。其次分析了南京国民政府时期法官制度的历史缺陷。主要从司法独立无法实现；法官人员不足,标准过高；司法经费不足三个方面进行了分析。
[Abstract]:In a country and society, as the final adjudicator of social disputes, whether the applicable law (substantive law and procedural law) is fair or not directly determines whether the judicial justice can be realized. A judge in English is referred to as judge or justice. it means "the general name of a person whose duty is to adjudicate disputes and other matters referred to the court for decision". In our country, Cihai is interpreted as "the judge, no matter what the judge's official title is (judge, magistrate, judge, judge, judge, etc.") In China, judges were called judges from the end of the Qing Dynasty, until the National Government defeated Taiwan, and was not renamed as judges in the Law on the Organization of the Court, which was amended on December 12, 1989. After the Opium War, the advanced judicial ideas of the West were brought to China, the development of Chinese legal system was completely broken, and China began the process of judicial modernization reform. As the core system of the judicial system, the reform of the judge system has always been an important part of the modern judicial reform, which was no exception in the period of Nanjing National Government (1928-1949). In order to maintain its own rule, the Nanjing National Government must have a large number of high-quality and sophisticated judges with rich legal knowledge and rich practical experience to put its laws into practice. Therefore, the judge system has been an important aspect of the judicial system construction in the period of Nanjing National Government. This paper takes the judge system of the Nanjing National Government as the research object, on the basis of collecting and analyzing the historical data and related works, the author makes a preliminary introduction and analysis of the judge system of the Nanjing National Government. The text of this paper is divided into three parts: The first part is the historical cause of the judge system in Nanjing National Government. This part first introduces the background of the emergence of the judge system of the Nanjing National Government, and the judicial reform in the late Qing Dynasty became the beginning of the modernization of the judge system. The construction of judicial system after the Revolution of 1911 provided the system foundation for the judge system of Nanjing National Government. Secondly, it introduces the theoretical origin of the judge system of the Nanjing National Government. The western concept of judicial independence, Sun Zhongshan's "Constitution of five powers" and the theory of "division of power" are the theoretical sources of its emergence. The second part introduces the concrete structure and operation of the judge system in the period of Nanjing National Government. (I) selection system for judges. The selection system of judges includes the qualifications of judges, the examination system of judges and the appointment system of judges. (II) training system for judges. (3) the appraisal system of judges. (4) the system of rewards and punishments for judges. (v) treatment of judges The treatment of judges includes the salary system of judges, the pension system of judges, the post security system of judges and the promotion system of judges. The third part analyzes the rationality and defects of the judge system in the period of Nanjing National Government. This part first introduces the rationality of the judge system in the period of Nanjing National Government. Although the construction of the judge system is mainly to maintain the rule, it reflects the modernization requirement of the judge system in the construction of the concrete system, realizes the connection with the international standards, promotes the process of professionalization of the judge, and obtains certain beneficial results. Secondly, it analyzes the historical defects of the judge system in the period of Nanjing National Government. Mainly from the judicial independence can not be realized, the judge staff shortage, the standard is too high, the judicial funds insufficiency three aspects has carried on the analysis.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D926.2;D929

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