清代审级制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-06 04:51

本文选题：清代 + 审级　；参考：《中国政法大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：本文以清代审级制度作为研究对象,通过对相关法律典籍、文献档案、案例判牍等材料进行梳理、分析,总结归纳出清代审级制度的一般规定、特别规定、运行模式及特点价值,认为清代审级制度是中国古代司法审判制度高度发达的体现,对于现实审级制度的构建有重大的借鉴意义。本文内容共分为七个部分。绪论部分,叙述论文选题的由来、研究对象和研究目的、与本选题有关的学术史回顾、研究方法和写作思路以及可能有的创新之处。第一章,对中国古代自夏商周时期至清代以前的审级制度沿革进行概要性介绍。其中重点论述了明代和清入关前的审级制度。明代审级制度已经达到封建社会较为完备的状态,刑事案件和民事案件有不同的审级,“清袭明制”,对清代审级制度有直接的传承和影响。清入关前法律制度简单,但最高领导人特别重视司法审判,在“参汉酌金”的路线指引下,开始建构具有本民族特色的审级制度。第二章,以内地各行省案件的审判为视角,概括总结清代审级制度的一般规定,认为清代审级制度自下而上,分别是地方层次的州县、府道、臬司、督抚四级和中央层次的刑部、皇帝两级,一共为六级。不同的审级机构有不同的审理权限。所有案件不分大小,均由州县作为初审审级,但终审审级根据案件量刑轻重有所不同,体现了中国古代司法机构与行政机构既有重合也有分别的特点,以及皇权在司法审判中的绝对权威性。第三章,通过对京师、蒙古、西藏、新疆等地区和皇族、旗人等族群适用特别审级的研究,反映出清代统一多民族国家“各依本俗”的相对自治特色和少数民族政权统治的差别对待特点。此外还以京控和就地正法为例,认为清代审级制度并非一成不变、因循保守,而是根据民情的诉求和形势的需要有所突破,显示了审级制度对于调整社会关系和稳定社会秩序,具有灵活权变的一面,进而实现法律为社会服务、为政治服务的功效。第四章,对清代审判制度中富有特色的审转和上控进行着重论述,认为该两种程序是促使清代审级制度有效运行的极为重要的模式。各审级之间通过审转和上控予以相互连接和流动。审转适用于重大刑事案件,系审判机关主动启用;上控通行于民事纠纷案件,由当事人及其亲属提起,系审判机关被动接受,二者均不得逾越审级规定,但所起到的作用都是上级审判机构对下级审判机构的监督,以达到司法公正最大化的目的。第五章,总结清代审级制度的特点,并对其价值作出评论。清代审级制度具有四个“制宜”与一个“多元”的特点,即因案制宜、因地制宜、因人制宜、因时制宜,审级层次与审判机构多元化设置。这些特点体现了审级作为一项法律制度对社会的适应性,但过于多元化也会造成审判程序的混乱。清代审级制度对于保障当事人合法权益、预防和纠正错案、维护国家法制统一、促进立法水平提高、各级审判机构相互制衡具有积极意义,但审级过多也会导致审判效率低下,造成民众厌讼与健讼同时并存的现象。结论部分,简要叙述清代审级制度在近代的转型与演变,对我国现行审级制度进行评价,认为确有一定弊端,不能有效适应当前审判事业的发展。以清代审级制度作为借鉴,建议对轻微刑事案件和小额民事案件实行一审终审制,普通刑事和民事案件实行三审终审制,死刑案件实行四审终审制。建立多元化的审级制度模式,构建新型的我国审级制度。
[Abstract]:This article, taking the Qing Dynasty trial grade system as the research object, through the relevant legal books, documents, case documents and other materials to comb, analysis, summarized and summed up the general provisions of the Qing Dynasty trial level system, special provisions, operation mode and characteristic value, that the Qing Dynasty trial level system is the embodiment of the highly developed ancient Chinese judicial trial system. It is of great significance to the construction of realistic trial grade system.
The content of this article is divided into seven parts.
The introduction part describes the origin of the topic, the object of the study, the purpose of the study, the review of the academic history related to the topic, the method of research, the thinking of writing and the possible innovations.
In the first chapter, a brief introduction is made to the evolution of the system of trial grade in ancient China from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty. The system of trial level before the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty was emphasized. The system of trial level in the Ming Dynasty has reached a relatively complete feudal state, and the criminal cases and civil cases have different levels of trial, "the Qing Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty", and the Qing Dynasty. The system of trial grade has direct inheritance and influence. The legal system of the Qing Dynasty before entering the customs is simple, but the supreme leader attaches great importance to the judicial trial. Under the guidance of "Shen Han discretionary gold", it begins to construct a trial class system with its own characteristics.
The second chapter, taking the trial of the cases in all the provinces of the mainland as the angle of view, summarizes the general provisions of the trial grade system in the Qing Dynasty, and thinks that the trial grade system in the Qing Dynasty is from the bottom to the bottom, which is the local level state county, the government road, the standard division, the governor four and the central level of the punishment department, the emperor two level, a total of six levels. The case is not small and large, all of which are judged by the state and county as the first trial level, but the final trial level is different according to the severity of the sentencing. It embodies the characteristics of the ancient Chinese judicial institutions and the administrative institutions, as well as the absolute authority of the imperial power in the judicial trial.
The third chapter, through the study of the special trial level of the ethnic groups such as Beijing teacher, Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang and other ethnic groups, such as the royal family and the flag man, reflects the characteristics of the differential treatment of the relative autonomy characteristics of the unified multi-ethnic country and the rule of the ethnic minority regime in the Qing Dynasty. It is not a constant and conservative, but a breakthrough according to the demands of the civil situation and the needs of the situation. It shows that the trial level system has a flexible and powerful side to adjust the social relations and stabilize the social order, and then realizes the function of the law for the social service and the political service.
The fourth chapter focuses on the special trial and control of the trial system in the Qing Dynasty. It is considered that the two procedures are the most important mode to promote the effective operation of the trial grade system in the Qing Dynasty. The control of civil dispute cases is brought by the parties and their relatives, and the judicial organs are passively accepted. All of the two must not overstep the provisions of the trial level, but all the functions are the supervision of the lower trial institutions by the superior judicial organs to achieve the purpose of maximizing the judicial justice.
The fifth chapter summarizes the characteristics of the trial grade system in the Qing Dynasty and commented on its value. The system of trial grade in the Qing Dynasty has the characteristics of four "conditions" and "multiple", that is, it is set up by the local conditions, according to local conditions, according to local conditions, according to current conditions, the level of trial level and the pluralism of judicial institutions. These characteristics embody the trial level as a legal system. The adaptability of the society, but too diversified will also cause the confusion of the trial procedure. In the Qing Dynasty, the system of trial grade in the Qing Dynasty has positive significance to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the parties, to prevent and correct the misplaced cases, to maintain the national legal unity and to promote the level of legislation, and to balance the mutual balance of the judicial institutions at all levels, but too much of the trial level will lead to the low efficiency of the trial and cause the people. The phenomenon of coexistence of lawsuits and lawsuits at the same time.
The conclusion is a brief account of the transformation and evolution of the modern trial grade system in the Qing Dynasty, and the evaluation of the current trial level system in China. It believes that there are certain drawbacks and can not effectively adapt to the development of the current trial cause. The three trial final system is adopted in civil cases, and the four instance final judgment system is applied to death penalty cases. A diversified trial level system model is established and a new system of trial grade in China is constructed.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D929;D926

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