人民检察院提起公益诉讼的立法设计

发布时间：2018-11-17 16:37

【摘要】：尽管公益诉讼早在古罗马时期就已存在，但随着市场经济的运行，伴随社会化大生产和经济的不断发展，环境污染、行业垄断等侵害公共利益的事件常有发生，此时单纯靠某个公民或者某个小团体发起公益诉讼，不足以救济受到侵害的权益，公益诉讼在世界范围内被愈加关注起来。比较各国立法实际，检察机关作为“公益诉讼代表人”既有其深远的历史根源，也有现实的法律依据。检察机关的公益原则为检察机关参与或提起诉讼找到了最佳契合点。但是，在我国，检察机关是否具有适格的主体身份参与或提起公益诉讼在理论界和司法界一直是一个争议比较大的话题，究其原因便是我国目前的三大诉讼法对公共利益的司法保护在法律上存在真空地带，现在的立法对我国检察机关作为“公益诉讼代表人”的法律授权仅是一个非常简单的概括性授权，而这个概括性授权实际上远远不能满足实践需要，检察机关面对公益案件往往处于尝试之中且不尽人意。文章从公益诉讼自身的特点及实践作用为开端，从我国公益诉讼的产生和发展以及目前公益诉讼领域所面临的困境入手，借鉴各国检察机关在公益诉讼案件中的相关立法，在分析公益诉权理论和实践中的必要性的基础上，重点探讨人民检察院作为公益诉讼适格主体的相关理论，以人民检察院作为公益诉讼适格主体的理论基础为基点，结合我国各地检察机关目前参与和提起公益诉讼的各项司法实践及开拓性探索活动，引入“当事人适格”理论。同时在此基础上，重点论述人民检察院提起公益诉讼的具体立法设计。将从基本原则、受案范围、诉讼方式、诉讼地位、诉讼后果的承担等方面完整的研究相关的具体立法设计，以期有所借鉴。全文一共包含了四个主要的部分，字数大约为1.8万。第一部分,文章的引言。这一部分将文章研究的方法、思路和创新所在以及选题的意义予以了概括性的介绍。第二部分，公益诉讼概述。该部分首先介绍公益诉讼的基本定义；简要介绍了公益诉讼的产生和具体实践情况,介绍了公益诉讼的保护对象，即公共利益。其次介绍了公益诉讼的特点，诉讼主体具有广泛性及法定性，，诉讼目的的公益性和启动程序的严格性，阐述了公益诉讼的功能。第三部分，人民检察院作为适格主体的理论基础。该部分介绍了我国对检察院作为适格当事人提起公益诉讼的理论基础，继而介绍提起公益诉讼的法律依据，得出要想解决公益诉讼中存在的难以起诉和维权的问题，需要进行制度层面的创新。第四部分，从理论层面进行深入的探寻，并且构建具体的设想。这一部分介绍人民检察院提起公益诉讼的具体设计：重点介绍人民检察院从立案受理到诉讼终结等各个环节的构成及职责等内容，以及诉讼时效等等。
[Abstract]:Although public interest litigation existed as early as in ancient Rome, with the operation of the market economy, with the continuous development of socialized production and economy, environmental pollution, trade monopoly and other violations of public interests often occurred. At this time, simply relying on a citizen or a small group to initiate public interest litigation, not enough to remedy the rights and interests infringed, public interest litigation in the world has become increasingly concerned. Comparing with the legislative practice of various countries, the procuratorial organ, as the representative of public interest litigation, has its profound historical root and realistic legal basis. The principle of public welfare of procuratorial organ has found the best agreement for procuratorial organ to participate in or initiate lawsuit. However, in our country, whether the procuratorial organs have the proper subject status to participate in or file public interest litigation has always been a controversial topic in the theoretical and judicial circles. The reason is that there is a legal vacuum in the judicial protection of public interests in the three major procedural laws of our country. The current legislation is only a very simple and general authorization for the procuratorial organ to be the representative of public interest litigation in our country, and this general authorization is in fact far from meeting the practical needs. Procuratorial organs are often trying and unsatisfactory in the face of public welfare cases. Starting from the characteristics and practical functions of public interest litigation, starting with the emergence and development of public interest litigation in our country and the difficulties faced in the field of public interest litigation at present, the article draws lessons from the relevant legislation of procuratorial organs of various countries in public interest litigation cases. Based on the analysis of the necessity of the theory and practice of public interest litigation, this paper focuses on the relevant theories of the people's procuratorate as the appropriate subject of public interest litigation, based on the theoretical basis of the people's procuratorate as the appropriate subject of public interest litigation. Combined with the judicial practice and pioneering exploration activities of procuratorial organs in various parts of our country to participate in and file public interest litigation at present, the theory of "party suitability" is introduced. At the same time, on this basis, focus on the people's Procuratorate public interest litigation specific legislative design. From the basic principles, the scope of cases, the way of litigation, the status of litigation, litigation consequences and other aspects of a complete study of the specific legislative design, with a view to reference. The full text contains four main parts, with approximately 18000 words. The first part is the introduction of the article. This part gives a general introduction to the research methods, ideas and innovations, as well as the significance of the topic. The second part is the summary of public interest litigation. This part first introduces the basic definition of public interest litigation, briefly introduces the emergence and specific practice of public interest litigation, introduces the object of public interest litigation protection, that is, public interest. Secondly, it introduces the characteristics of public interest litigation, the main body of litigation is extensive and legal, the public welfare of the purpose of litigation and the strictness of starting procedure, and expounds the function of public interest litigation. The third part is the theoretical basis of the people's Procuratorate as the suitably subject. This part introduces the theoretical basis of the public interest litigation initiated by the procuratorate as a competent party, and then introduces the legal basis of the public interest litigation, and draws the conclusion that it is difficult to sue and protect the rights in the public interest litigation. Need to carry on the innovation of system level. The fourth part, carries on the thorough exploration from the theory level, and constructs the concrete idea. This part introduces the concrete design of the people's Procuratorate to initiate the public interest lawsuit: it mainly introduces the constitution and duty of each link of the people's Procuratorate from the filing and accepting to the end of the lawsuit, as well as the limitation of action and so on.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D926.3;D925

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