集体经济组织法人的历史变迁与法律结构

发布时间：2018-05-14 01:27

本文选题：乡镇集体经济组织 + 集体经济组织　；参考：《比较法研究》2017年04期

【摘要】：中国为什么会出现集体经济组织并且划分为乡镇集体经济组织和农村集体经济组织?其在中国目前的实际存在形式是什么?一直是看上去熟悉但实际上很陌生的问题,必须通过历史和实证的考察才能够说清楚。新中国建立后,将土地和其他生产资料分给农民,兑现了对农民的承诺。但是,自1956年开始的改革运动,又重新让农民失去了土地和其他生产资料的所有权。尤其是在农村成立人民公社以后(1958年8月以后),最终确定了所谓"三级所有、队为基础"的土地和生产资料所有模式和经济生产模式,而这种经济结构形式是形成今天农村集体经济组织的基础,也是我们分析和理解我国民法上所有农村集体经济组织形式的起点。但由于我国1984年以后恢复乡镇建制并实行"政社分离"后,原来的人民公社、生产大队和生产小队将"行政职能"与"土地所有和财产权"角色分离,再加上各地做法不同,使得"集体所有"的主体显得非常混乱。因此,由于对历史和中国集体经济组织实际运行的观察视角不同,对于农村土地和生产资料的所有者为何的问题,就存在"集体成员共有"、"总有"、"集体组织所有"等不同观点。本文认为:必须尊重历史,农村土地和其他财产实际上是归属集体经济组织所有,而不是成员共有。但集体组织的成员不是公司法意义上的"股东"(他们绝大多数都不是集体经济组织的最初的投资者),他们没有"股份",即使离开也不存在转让的问题。此次《民法总则》将集体经济组织规定为法人,对于确定其财产归属并保护其财产利益十分有益。
[Abstract]:Why do collective economic organizations appear in China and are divided into township collective economic organizations and rural collective economic organizations? What is the actual form of its existence in China? Questions that have always seemed familiar but are in fact unfamiliar must be explained through historical and empirical examination. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, land and other means of production were distributed to peasants and their promises were fulfilled. But the reform movement, which began in 1956, reclaimed farmers ownership of land and other means of production. In particular, after the establishment of the people's commune in the countryside (after August 1958), the so-called "three-level ownership, team based" mode of land and economic production was finalized. This form of economic structure is the foundation of the formation of rural collective economic organizations today, and also the starting point for us to analyze and understand all the forms of rural collective economic organizations in civil law of our country. However, since our country restored the township system after 1984 and implemented the "separation of government and society", the original people's commune, production brigade and production team separated the "administrative functions" from the role of "land ownership and property rights", in addition to the differences in local practices. Make the main body of "collective ownership" appear very confused. Therefore, because of the different perspectives on the history and the actual operation of China's collective economic organizations, there are different viewpoints on the ownership of rural land and means of production, such as "collective membership", "total existence", "collective organization ownership", and so on. This paper holds that history must be respected and that rural land and other property are actually owned by collective economic organizations rather than shared by members. But members of collective organizations are not "shareholders" in the sense of corporate law (most of them are not the original investors of collective economic organizations, they do not have "shares", even if they leave there is no problem of transfer. The General principles of Civil Law stipulate collective economic organization as legal person, which is very beneficial to determine the ownership of their property and protect their property interests.
【作者单位】：中国政法大学;
【分类号】：D923.1

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