在华跨国公司环境法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-07-06 19:07

本文选题：环境法 + 环境责任　；参考：《湖南大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 跨国公司来华投资是一把双刃剑,一方面给中国带来了发展所需的技术和资金,推动了中国经济的发展；另一方面,也给中国的资源与环境带来了空前的压力。一些跨国公司进入中国时,除了带来先进的技术和管理,也将高污染、高能耗的生产环节转移进来。但是,中国目前针对跨国公司的环境法律制度还不完善,多数时候只能延用国内法对外资企业的一般的相关规定,而跨国公司显然并非一个单一的国内经济组织,因此,在法律上存在矛盾、冲突和漏洞难以避免。针对这一问题,有必要对在华跨国公司环境法律问题进行系统深入的研究,在国际经济法和跨国公司法的研究范畴和方法中,导入环境法的维度,沿着跨国公司来华设立、经营、退出以及责任追究的逻辑主线,研究涉及的典型环境法律问题。跨国公司以投资者的身份进入中国,首先面临的问题就是作为投资者的待遇标准问题,在WTO背景下,国民待遇是一条基本的原则,但出于东道国环境和资源安全的考虑,限制或禁止性规定的存在也在一定程度上被允许,可以作为国民待遇原则的“例外”。目前,中国的环境准入制度正在逐步完善,但还不能完全避免跨国公司在设立阶段带来的各种污染转移。对此,应当转变传统的外资法的立法理念,将“国家的环境资源保护优先”上升为基本的立法原则；现行的外资企业设立行政审批制度和环境影响评价制度也需要进一步完善。在华跨国公司经营中的环境法律问题主要集中体现在以下三个方面：一是跨国公司的环境违法问题；二是跨国公司以贸易或进口原料等为借口转移危险废物入境的问题：三是跨国公司进入矿产资源开发领域、威胁国家环境资源安全的问题。究其原因,主要是环境违法成本低；环境标准体系及其配套制度不完善,对资源行行业的监管不力。对此,应当运用税收政策手段引导跨国公司的环境管理决策；实现国内环境标准与国际接轨；完善对资源性行业的法律管制。在华跨国公司从事“高污染、高危险性”行业的生产和经营,一旦发生严重的污染损害事故,将面临巨额的赔偿。而有限责任制度使跨国公司各个拥有法人资格的子公司成为分离的、相互独立的责任承担主体,母公司在将领导权力通过子公司成倍放大的同时,却不需要承担由此带来的放大了的风险。为防范此类严重环境侵权给东道国带来的环境风险,需要考虑完善特定情形下的公司法人格否认制度,还可以借鉴美国的“整体责任”制度。此外,在诉讼中还应当考虑对环境侵权债权人的特殊保护。在跨国公司破产的环境侵权债务清偿问题上,尽管母公司通常都是子公司最大的股东,但却可以利用自己的支配地位巧作安排,保证自己在子公司的破产程序中成为享有优先受偿权的债权人。在这种情形下,破产一旦涉及环境侵权纠纷,极有可能使其他利益相关人处于非常不利的地位,给环境侵权债权人造成极大的不公平。从中国破产法的现状来看,在破产债务的清偿问题上,只是简单地规定了破产财产在优先拨付破产费用后的分配顺序,没有考虑具有特殊身份的债权人在分配中的特殊地位。因此,在处理在华跨国公司子公司的破产问题时,通过立法完善,实现环境侵权债权的优先受偿是有必要的；可以考虑出台相关涉外破产的司法解释,对环境侵权债权的保护做出特别规定；参照其他国家的做法,建立环境责任保险制度。此外,还应当就特定情形下追究跨国公司母公司连带责任的法律依据,进一步探索实践,完善相关立法。在追究跨国公司环境法律责任时,可能因与母公司的关系发生跨国诉讼。“不方便法院”原则的存在增加了东道国处理跨国公司环境纠纷的法律不确定性。因此,与其寄希望于通过跨国诉讼,借助国外发达的侵权法制度来使受害人的权益得到救济,不如尽快完善我国的《侵权责任法》,特别是其中关于特殊侵权(环境侵权)的相关规定。当然,对跨国公司的法律规制不是哪一国单独可以完成的,需要我们本着国际合作的精神,在尊重国际通行的礼让原则的同时,开展国际双边和多边合作,积极寻求合理有效的追究机制和解决办法。
[Abstract]:The investment from multinational companies to China is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it has brought the technology and funds needed for development to China, promoted the development of China's economy. On the other hand, it also brought unprecedented pressure on China's resources and environment. When some multinational companies enter China, they will also bring high pollution and high energy consumption in addition to advanced technology and management. However, China's current environmental legal system for transnational corporations is not perfect, and most of the time it can only extend the general relevant provisions of domestic law to foreign enterprises, and the transnational corporations are obviously not a single domestic economic organization. Therefore, there are contradictions in the law, conflict and loopholes are difficult to avoid. It is necessary to make a systematic and thorough study of the environmental legal issues of the multinational corporations in China. In the scope and methods of international economic law and transnational corporation law, the dimension of environmental law is introduced, and the logical main line of setting up, operating, withdrawing and accountability of transnational corporations has been studied, and the typical environmental legal issues involved are studied.
In the context of WTO, national treatment is a basic principle, but in the context of the host country's environment and resource security, the existence of restrictions or prohibitions is also allowed to a certain extent, and it can be used as a national. At present, China's environmental access system is gradually improving, but it can not completely avoid all kinds of pollution transfer in the stage of establishment. Therefore, it is necessary to change the traditional legislation concept of foreign capital law and raise the "state's environmental and resource protection first" as the basic legislative principle; The establishment of the administrative examination and approval system and the environmental impact assessment system must also be further improved.
The environmental legal problems in the management of multinational corporations in China are mainly embodied in the following three aspects: first, the environmental violations of transnational corporations, and the two is the transfer of hazardous wastes on the pretext of trade or import of raw materials: three is the entry of multinational companies to the development of mineral resources and the threat of national environmental resources security. The main reason is that the environmental illegal cost is low, the environmental standard system and its supporting system are not perfect, and the supervision of the resource line industry is poor. Therefore, the tax policy means should be used to guide the decision-making of the environmental management of the transnational corporations, realize the domestic environmental standards and international integration, and improve the legal control of the resource industry.
In the production and operation of "high pollution, high risk" industry in China, a huge amount of compensation will be faced once serious pollution damage accidents occur. The limited liability system makes the subsidiaries of transnational corporations separate, independent and independent, and the parent company will pass the leading power through the company. In order to prevent the environmental risks caused by such serious environmental infringement to host country, the company should consider perfecting the system of corporate denial of corporate personality under specific circumstances, and can also draw on the "overall responsibility" system in the United States. In addition, it should also be considered in the lawsuit. Special protection for environmental tort creditors.
In the case of the bankruptcy of transnational corporations, the parent company is usually the largest shareholder of the subsidiary, but it can make use of his own dominant position to make arrangements to ensure that he is a creditor with the right of priority in the bankruptcy proceedings of the subsidiary. In this case, bankruptcy involves environmental tort disputes. It is very likely that other stakeholders will be in a very bad position and cause great injustice to the environmental tort creditors. From the current situation of the Chinese bankruptcy law, it is only a simple regulation of the order of the distribution of the bankruptcy property after the first disbursement of the bankruptcy cost, without considering the special identity. The special position of the creditor in the distribution, therefore, in dealing with the bankruptcy of the subsidiaries of the multinational corporation in China, it is necessary to make the legislation perfect and realize the priority of the claim of the environmental tort. In addition, we should also investigate the legal basis of the joint and several liability of the MNCs' parent company under specific circumstances, further explore the practice and improve the relevant legislation.
In investigating the environmental legal responsibility of a multinational corporation, transnational litigation may arise from the relationship with the parent company. The existence of the "inconvenient court" principle increases the legal uncertainty of the host country's handling of environmental disputes in transnational corporations. Therefore, it is expected to make the rights of the victims through transnational litigation and the aid of the developed foreign tort law system. It is better to improve our country's "tort liability law" as soon as possible, especially the relevant provisions concerning special tort (environmental tort). Of course, the legal regulation of transnational corporations is not a single country which can be completed. It is necessary for us to carry out international double in the spirit of International cooperation, while respecting the international protocol of courtesy. We must actively seek reasonable and effective investigation mechanisms and solutions.
【学位授予单位】：湖南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.68;F276.7

【引证文献】