跨国水域环境污染侵权法律责任研究

发布时间：2018-03-02 03:05

本文关键词： 跨国水域环境侵权国家责任民事责任　出处：《辽宁大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：科技与环境似乎总是以一种矛盾的姿态出现在现代生活中,回首过去,科学技术的进步无疑给人类生活带来了巨大的便利,但是环境污染问题却随之出现。我们不得不开始反思,在过去的成就中,是否过多的以环境的牺牲作为了代价。随着各国交往的日益频繁,跨界环境污染问题日益突出。而水作为生命之源,与人类的生存和发展息息相关,然而水资源的危机在全球的蔓延威胁着人类的生存环境。跨国水域储存了全球大量的淡水资源,与经济、社会、国家安全和地区稳定紧密相关。在当前人类面临的环境危机中,跨国界的水域污染正呈现出日益严重和扩大的趋势。例如1986年莱茵河污染事件、2000年多瑙河水污染事件以及2005年发生的中俄松花江流域水污染事故等,都是近年来跨国水域环境污染事件的真实写照。跨国水域环境污染侵权事件每天都在切实发生在全球各个地方,给世界各国造成了巨大的人身、财产和环境方面不可弥补的损失。人类共同生活在一个自然环境中,国界可以划分各国经济与政治的界限,但是无法将生活的环境完全隔绝开来。特别是空气、水这些自然元素的自由流动使得世界环境成为一体,各国无法将一国环境的污染限制在领土范围内,跨国环境损害事件的数量不断增多,损害范围也不断扩大,损害的结果往往也触目惊心。水域作为世界环境保护的重要一环,跨国水域的环境污染问题也愈发严重,早已不再是一国国内的问题。当环境问题仅仅是发生在一国境内时,各国都会通过国内立法进行调整,相关环境赔偿与生态环境的恢复也会因为没有国界的限制而更加有效率。然而如果一旦环境损害穿越国境,影响到其他国家,那么仅仅通过国内立法加以规制便显得力不从心了。而想要通过国际立法以解决跨越国界而产生的环境问题十分困难,因此在国际实践中采用司法途径解决的案例极少,大多数争议都是通过协商最终获得双方利益的妥协。但是,司法途径却是解决此类纠纷,维护各国利益的最佳途径,国际社会也不断向着这个方向努力。目前,国际社会所公认的跨国水域环境污染侵权责任主要有两种,一种是以国家为主体所承担的国家责任,另一种是以私人为主体,也就是经营者因为从事危险活动而造成跨国水域环境污染所应承担的侵权损害责任。由国家作为跨国水域环境污染侵权责任的赔偿主体能够更好的对赔偿责任进行保障,但是由于跨国环境损害并不多为经常性发生事件,同时其行为往往符合相关国际法的规定,不为国际法所禁止,因此,如果通过国际诉讼追究国家责任在实践中往往受到各种阻碍,并不利于保护受损害地区人身及财产安全,同时不利于受损环境的恢复。尽管如此,跨界环境损害中受害方的利益仍然要得到保护,而解决该问题的办法之一就是将目光转向私主体,使之承担相应的民事责任。本文认为,建立完善的跨国水域环境污染侵权责任制度不仅需要理论的不断更新,更加需要的是其能够在实践中得到实现,保证受害者获得赔偿的效率。现行跨国水域环境污染侵权责任体系应当包括由国家承担国际责任以及由私人主体承担跨国水域环境侵权责任,他们分别构成国际公法和国际私法上的跨界环境损害责任。而法律的完善与相应赔偿制度的建设是构建跨国水域环境污染侵权责任体系所应不断努力的方向。
[Abstract]:Technology and the environment always seems to be in a contradictory attitude in modern life, in the past, the progress of science and technology is undoubtedly to human life has brought great convenience, but the environmental pollution problem has emerged. We have begun to reflect on the achievements of the past, whether too much to sacrifice the environment as the price as countries around the world. Exchanges become more frequent, the transboundary environmental pollution problems have become increasingly prominent. And the water as the source of life, and is closely related to human survival and development, but the water resource crisis in the global spread of the threat to the survival of the human environment. The world's large number of international water storage and water resources, economy, society, closely related to stability national security and regions. In the current human environmental crisis, cross-border water pollution becomes increasingly serious and the trend of expansion. For example, the pollution of the the Rhine in 1986. In 2000, the pollution event occurred in 2005 and the Danube Russia Songhua River basin water pollution accidents, is a true portrayal of the transnational water pollution incidents in recent years. Transnational water pollution violations every day to occur in various parts of the world, causing enormous human body to all the countries, property and the environment can not make up for the loss. Living in a natural environment, can divide borders the country economy and politics, but can not be completely isolated from the living environment. Especially the free flow of air, water these natural elements makes the world environment as a whole, countries cannot be a country environmental pollution limits within the territory the number of cross-border environmental damage incidents, increasing the damage range is expanding, the damage is often shocking. Waters as the world environmental protection An important part of the environmental pollution problem of transnational waters is increasingly serious, is no longer the domestic problems of a country. Only when the environmental problems that occurred in the country, all countries will be adjusted through domestic legislation, related environmental damages and the restoration of the ecological environment will be because there is no national boundaries and more efficiency. But if environmental damage across borders, affect other countries, then only through domestic legislation to regulate will not be available. And want to through international legislation to solve ten difficult environmental problems generated across borders, so there is seldom a judicial way to solve the case used in the international practice, most disputes are through consensus ultimately compromise the interests of both sides. However, the judicial way is to resolve such disputes, the best way to safeguard the interests of all countries, the international community has been to this The direction of efforts. At present, there are two main types of transnational water pollution tort liability recognized by the international community, is a national responsibility subject take to the country, the other is a private body, that is because the operators tort to engage in dangerous activities caused by transnational water environmental pollution liability by the state. As a transnational water pollution tort liability subject of compensation can better guarantee the liability, but due to cross-border environmental damage is not much for recurring events, at the same time the provisions of behavior are often in line with relevant international law, is not prohibited by international law, therefore, if the international action to pursue national responsibility in practice often subject to various obstacles, is not conducive to protect the damaged area of personal and property safety, and is not conducive to the restoration of the damaged environment. Nevertheless, transboundary environmental damage In the interests of the injured party is still to be protected, one way of solving this problem is turning to the private subject, to bear corresponding civil liability. This paper argues that the establishment of cross-border water pollution tort liability system needs not only the theory of constantly updated, more is needed is to achieve in practice. Ensure the victims get compensation efficiency. The current international water pollution tort liability system should include by the state responsibility and liability by the private transnational waters of environmental tort, they were made public and private international transboundary environmental damage liability. And the construction of legal system and the corresponding compensation is to build international water environment pollution tort liability system should be continuous efforts in the direction.

【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D996.9

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