国际司法裁决少数意见公开研究

发布时间：2018-03-12 19:02

本文选题：国际司法机构　切入点：裁决　出处：《哈尔滨工业大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在国际司法实践中,大多数国际司法机构的法官均可以在判决文书后附随不同意见,这也是国际司法裁决的一大特色。从理论上看,少数意见对于法官、合议庭、判决结果以及法律理解都具有重要的价值,而从实践来说,国际法院、前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭、欧洲人权法院的裁判文书中都附有持不同意见的少数法官撰写的个人意见,此外,国际刑事法院、国际海洋法法庭的判决中也对少数意见予以公开。可见少数意见是国际司法实践中不可忽视的部分,也是国际司法制度发展的一大趋势,这说明对少数意见价值的研究很有必要。对于少数意见是否应当公开的问题,存在不同的观点,大部分国内学者所关注的多为少数意见对中国司法制度的作用和影响,而国外学者对此的研究成果中多为对美国国内法院系统中法官的少数意见研究,对国际司法机构则鲜有研究。因此,本文着眼于国际司法裁决本身,具体研究起来仍然有很大的空间。文章首先对少数意见的含义、性质、类型、公开方式进行了介绍。其次对国际司法机构采纳少数意见公开制度进行了研究,分析了它作为一个英美法系的司法制度,却被国际司法制度所采纳的原因,同时也对国际社会在少数意见公开问题上存在的争议进行了梳理。在研究中总结出少数意见公开的价值,它不但确保了法官的独立性,增强了法官的责任心,而且有助于合议庭在评议过程中寻求更公正、更正确、更周延的判决,并带动了法学界对新问题的发掘和探讨。虽然该制度价值很高,而且被国际司法机构吸纳并广泛使用,但在实践中仍有国家并未采用,可见其实施需要满足特定的条件,首先,法官独立性需要有所保障;其次,需要在级别较高的法院使用;第三,在那些具有宪法性意义的判决文书中公开少数意见才更有助于发挥该制度的重要作用。希望通过对少数意见公开所需条件的分析,为没有移植该制度的国际司法机构和国家提供一个有效地参照。文章最后一部分在前文研究的基础上,分析国际司法机构引入少数意见公开制度的启示,在国际层面的影响在于它推动了欧盟法院的改革进程,联系大陆法系国家的制度设置,可以发现在德国和日本,分别在联邦宪法法院和最高法院吸收了该项制度。我国也可以从中得到有益的启示,在具体操作时应积极稳妥,分布实施,逐步推开,目前可先从最高人民法院和高级人民法院受理的知识产权、金融、商事、海事以及涉外案件开始实施。文章采用文献分析法和比较分析法,前者着眼于国际司法机构的基础性文件——公约或规约,以及国内外学者的相关理论;后者在文章中多次采用,对少数意见公开的背景、方式和程度进行比较,使分析对象的性质更加明确,对该领域的发展也有着诸多的借鉴意义。法律全球化的背景决定了法律一致的必然性,作为国际司法发展趋势的少数意见公开制度也逐渐由英美法系国家扩展到大部分国际司法机构,并渗透至尚未采纳该制度的国际司法机构及大陆法系相关国家,有理由相信该制度将会对国际国内的司法实践产生积极地影响。
[Abstract]:In the judicial practice, the majority of international judicial institutions can judge in the judgment documents accompanying different opinions, this is also a major feature of the international judicial ruling. Theoretically, the minority opinions for the judge, the collegial panel, which has important value judgments and legal understanding, from the practice, international the court, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, judgments of the European Court of human rights are accompanied by a few judges dissented from the written opinion, in addition, the International Criminal Court, the International Tribunal for the law of the sea in the judgment of minority opinions. Visible minority opinion is an inseparable part of the international judicial practice, a it is a general trend of international judicial system development, the research on the value of minority opinions is very necessary.
For a few opinions on whether should be open to the public, there are different views, most domestic scholars paid more attention to the influence of Chinese and minority opinion of the judicial system, and foreign scholars research results for many of the minority opinion research judge in the United States domestic court system, research of international judicial institutions are rarely so. In this paper, focusing on the international judicial ruling itself, the concrete research still have a lot of space.
Firstly, the minority opinion meaning, nature, type, open mode are introduced. Secondly, the adoption of international judicial institutions minority opinions system were studied, analyzed it as a common law judicial system, but adopted by the international judicial system reason, also summarizes the existence of international society the problem of minority opinions on the controversy. Summed up the value of minority opinions in the research, it not only ensures the independence of judges, enhance the judge's responsibility, but also help the collegial panel in the appraisal process for a more equitable, more accurate, more comprehensive judgment, and promote and explore law of the new problem. Although the value of the system is very high, but also by the international judicial bodies absorb and widely used, but in practice there are still countries did not use visible, which needs to meet certain conditions, the first First, the judge independence needs to be protected; secondly, need to be implemented in the higher courts; third, in those with constitutional significance of the judgment documents publicly minority opinion will benefit play an important role in the system. By analysis of minority opinions required conditions, provide an effective reference no transplant the system of international judicial institutions and countries. In the last part of the article on the basis of previous research, analysis of the minority opinions system of international judicial institutions in revelation, the international level is that it promotes the European court reform process, set up the civil law countries system, can be found in Germany and Japan in the system, are absorbed in the Federal Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court. China can get inspirations from, should actively and steadily, the distribution of the implementation in the specific operation, one by one At present, we can begin the implementation of intellectual property, finance, business, maritime and foreign-related cases, which are accepted by the Supreme People's court and the high people's court.
This paper adopts the method of literature analysis and comparative analysis, the former focuses on basic documents of international judicial institutions, conventions or protocols, as well as the theory of domestic and foreign scholars; the latter has been used several times in the article, the minority opinions in the background, compare the way and degree of the analysis of the nature of the object more clearly, there are many references on the development of this field.
The necessity of legal globalization background determines the legal agreement, as the minority opinions system trend of international judicial development has gradually extended to most of the countries of Anglo American law system of international judicial institutions, and penetrate to the system not yet adopted the international judicial institutions and civil law system countries, there is reason to believe that the positive impact on judicial practice of the system will be on international and domestic.

【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D99

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