与气候变化相关的贸易措施研究

发布时间：2018-04-05 16:09

本文选题：竞争力　切入点：碳泄漏　出处：《武汉大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：应对气候变化逐渐成为世界各国经济、政治、外交博弈的焦点之一,同时,发达国家制定的严格气候规制引发了其国内对国际竞争力可能受损的担忧。于是“污染避难所”理论被应用于分析气候规制对国际贸易的影响,并引申出竞争力问题和碳泄漏问题。在此背景下,一些与气候变化相关的贸易措施为发达国家所提出和采用,迄今为止最受关注的主要有“碳关税”、欧盟航空减排措施和产品碳标识,未来还可能出现其他新的类型。与气候变化相关贸易措施的历史虽然不长,但会对气候谈判和国际贸易产生巨大影响。作为21世纪我国面临的新问题,与气候变化相关贸易措施包含着许多前沿的理论问题,而且我国既是出口第一大国也是温室气体排放最多的国家,受这些贸易措施的影响势必最大,因此对其研究具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文将首先分析与气候变化相关贸易措施的由来和推动因素,并实证检验作为最直接理由的竞争力问题和碳泄漏问题；然后依次研究现有三种措施的具体规定、合法性、影响以及未来趋势；最后提出我国应对与气候变化相关贸易措施的政策建议。全文共分七章,各章主要内容如下：第一章为绪论。本章将阐述文章的选题背景和意义,并对国内外相关研究现状进行系统梳理,进而介绍本文的研究思路和研究方法,最后提出文章的主要创新点和不足之处。第二章分析与气候变化相关贸易措施的由来和推动因素。这类贸易措施主要是为了解决发达国家关于竞争力问题和碳泄漏问题的担忧,而更重要的推动因素还来自国际和国内两个层面。就国际层面而言,推动因素包括WTO对环境保护的重视、温室气体排放责任划分的缺陷以及气候谈判斗争的需要；国内层面则是发达国家内部部分利益集团的推动。第三章实证检验竞争力问题和碳泄漏问题的严重程度。这两个问题的实质就是严格气候规制对国际投资和国际贸易产生的负面影响。为此,本章引入了衡量各国气候规制强弱的CCPI指数、CLIMI指数和C3-I指数,建立了投资区位选择模型和贸易引力模型,并利用2008-2011年的面板数据对这种负面影响进行实证检验。实证结果并没有发现负面影响的证据,虽然不能就此断定竞争力问题和碳泄漏问题并不存在,但是至少说明这两个问题在经验证据上是非常值得怀疑的。第四章专门研究“碳关税”。欧盟和美国对“碳关税”的讨论已有多年,最受关注的问题就是该措施是否符合WTO规则,但这仍是一个悬而未决的问题。目前“碳关税”尚未实施,就已经对共同但有区别责任原则形成冲击,而一旦征收我国外贸必将遭受严重影响。考虑到面临的诸多障碍,“碳关税”短期内不会真正实施,不过发达国家并未放弃相关努力,未来“碳关税”的设计细节可能出现一些新变化。第五章专门研究欧盟航空减排措施。该措施遭到了国际社会的强烈反对,欧委会已经提议将其冻结一年。措施的合法性也受到了广泛质疑,美国航空企业甚至将其告上法院,不过欧洲法院裁定欧盟对航空排放的立法符合国际法。如果欧盟航空减排措施按原计划实施,我国航空业和对欧出口都将受到较大冲击。而且该措施己经对国际民航组织主导的航空减排谈判产生了重大影响,其未来发展将很大程度上取决于2013年国际民航组织大会的结果。第六章专门研究产品碳标识。目前实施的产品碳标识都属于自愿性质,不过法国有意建立强制性产品碳标识,而这将违背WTO相关规则。产品碳标识有助于引导消费偏好转向低碳产品,同时也会削弱发展中国家产品竞争力。未来产品碳标识将在曲折中继续发展,但是强制性产品碳标识真正出台的可能性不大。第七章探讨我国应对的政策建议。为最大程度降低与气候变化相关贸易措施的负面影响,我国可采取如下应对策略：坚持气候变化相关问题在《联合国气候变化框架公约》下解决；反对气候谈判中的单边贸易措施；若贸易措施不可避免,必须体现共同但有区别责任原则；变压力为动力推动对外贸易低碳化。
[Abstract]:Climate change has become one of the world economy, politics, diplomacy, the focus of the game at the same time, the strict regulation of climate in developed countries to develop the international competitiveness of domestic concerns may be damaged. So the "pollution haven" theory is applied to analyze the impact of climate regulation on international trade, and raises a problem of competitiveness and carbon leakage. Under this background, some climate change related trade measures proposed by developed countries and, by far the most popular are "carbon tariff", the EU aviation carbon emission reduction measures and product identification, other new types of the future may also be associated with climate change. Although the trade measures do not have a long history but, will have a huge impact on climate negotiations and international trade. As of twenty-first Century new problems faced by China, and climate change related trade measures contains many of the former The theoretical problem along the, and our country is also the biggest exporter of greenhouse gas emissions in most countries, these measures will inevitably affected by trade, so it has important theoretical and practical significance to study its origin. This paper will first analyze the trade measures related to climate change and driving factors, and empirical test as the leakage problem the most direct reason for the competitiveness and carbon; specific provisions, and then discusses the existing three measures of legitimacy, effects and future trends; finally, China's response to climate change measures related to trade policy recommendations. This thesis consists of seven chapters, the main contents of each chapter are as follows:
The first chapter is the introduction. This chapter will explain the background and significance of the topic selection, and systematically review the related research status at home and abroad, and then introduce the research ideas and research methods of this article. Finally, it puts forward the main points and shortcomings of the article.
The second chapter analyzes the origin of climate change related trade measures and promoting factors. This kind of trade measures is mainly to solve the leakage problem of developed countries concerns about competitiveness and carbon, and push factors but also from two international and domestic levels. On the international level, to promote the factors including WTO of the importance of environmental protection greenhouse gas emissions, the division of responsibility and defects of climate negotiations struggle; the domestic level is the developed countries internal interest groups.
The severity of leakage problem of the third chapter is the empirical test and carbon competitiveness. The negative impact of these two problems is the strict regulation of climate of international investment and international trade. Therefore, this chapter introduces the measure of strength of the national climate regulation CCPI index, CLIMI index and C3-I index, establishes the investment location choice model and trade the gravity model, and makes an empirical test on the negative effects of using panel data for 2008-2011 years. The empirical results and found no evidence of negative impacts, although can not conclude that competitiveness and carbon leakage problem does not exist, but at least that these two problems are very questionable in empirical evidence.
The fourth chapter devoted to the study of "carbon tariff". The European Union and the United States on the "carbon tariff" discussion for many years, the most concern is whether the measures comply with WTO rules, but this is still a problem in suspense. At present the "carbon tariff" has not been implemented, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities form impact. But once the collection of China's foreign trade will suffer serious impact. Considering the many obstacles facing the "carbon tariff" short term will not be truly implemented, but the developed countries did not give up efforts, the future design details of carbon tariff may appear some new changes.
The fifth chapter devoted to the study of EU aviation emission reduction measures. The measures were strongly opposed by the international community, the European Commission has proposed to freeze a year. The legitimacy of the measures have also been widely questioned, the United States aviation enterprises even to court, but the court ruled that the EU in accordance with International Law on aviation emissions if the EU legislation. Aviation emission reduction measures according to the original plan, China's aviation industry and exports to Europe will be subject to greater impact. But the measure has been leading the ICAO aviation emission reduction negotiations had a major impact, its future development will largely depend on the results of the 2013 International Conference on Civil Aviation Organization.
The sixth chapter devoted to the study of product identity. Carbon carbon label products currently implemented are voluntary, but France intends to establish a mandatory carbon product logo, which would violate WTO rules. The product carbon labeling helps guide consumer preferences to low carbon products, while developing countries will weaken the competitiveness of products. Products will be in the future carbon label the twists and turns in the continued development, but the possibility of mandatory product carbon label really introduced little.
The seventh chapter discusses our country to deal with policy recommendations. Reduce the negative impact to the greatest extent and climate change related trade measures, China can take the following countermeasures: to solve problems related to climate change in the "United Nations Framework Convention on climate change > against climate negotiations; unilateral trade measures; if trade measures must be inevitable. Embodies the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities; to promote the low carbon pressure as a driving force in foreign trade.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D996.9

【参考文献】