从叙利亚危机看国际法中的保护责任

发布时间：2018-09-18 10:57

【摘要】：冷战结束以来,世界各个角落的明暗斗争都没有停止过,许多国家的人民仍旧生活在水深火热中,在单方面人道主义干涉的合法化无法获得认可的情况下,以加拿大为首的西方国家率先提出了“保护责任”这一新的人道主义观念和政策主张。在第60届联大《2005年世界首脑会议成果》中,保护责任正式得以确立。从此,“保护责任”越来越多地出现在人们的视野中。它强调国际社会依据《联合国宪章》的规定,使用非武力措施,帮助保护人民免遭种族灭绝、战争罪、族裔清洗和危害人类罪之害。文章第一部分阐述了叙利亚危机是国内政治危机,但也受到外部势力的干预。以联合国为代表的国际社会为了推动危机解决一直做着不懈努力,但一直没有取得实质性进展。第二部分介绍了国际法中保护责任的概念及实践。《成果》将“保护的责任”限于使人民免遭种族灭绝、战争罪、族裔清洗和危害人类罪四类罪行,并将军事干预严格限定在《联合国宪章》框架范围内,由安理会授权进行。这说明“保护责任”突破了不干预原则的限制。保护责任一共经过了三个发展阶段,分别是不同的时期,并伴随着国际上的实践,分别是卢旺达危机,塞尔维亚危机,苏丹达尔富尔危机以及利比亚危机。接着讲了保护责任在叙利亚危机的最新进展。第三部分讨论各国实施保护责任的国际法依据以及保护责任的存在的困境。保护责任是人道主义干预的更好形式,避免平民免遭伤害,同时也是集体安全制度的实践。但是由于发展不足,保护责任还存在困境。文章最后一部分探讨完善保护责任的建议,从立法和执法方面提出了建议,加快保护责任的立法进程;完善联合国解决叙利亚危机的职能。同时分析了中国的建议,尊重国家主权和不干涉内政原则应成为保护责任的基础,同时尽可能使用和平方式,慎重行事,逐案处理。经过实践的发展,“保护责任”已然成为大国间的“信念共识”,具备了较为坚实的基础。然而对保护责任而言,仍有许多路要走,并将对未来的人权法产生影响。
[Abstract]:Since the end of the cold war, all corners of the world have not stopped fighting between light and darkness. The people of many countries are still living in dire straits, while the legitimization of unilateral humanitarian intervention cannot be recognized. The western countries, led by Canada, put forward the new humanitarian concept and policy of "responsibility to protect". In the 2005 World Summit outcome of the 60 th UN General Assembly, R2P was formally established. Since then, R2P has appeared more and more in people's vision. It emphasizes that the international community, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, uses non-force measures to help protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. The first part expounds that the Syrian crisis is a domestic political crisis, but it is also interfered by external forces. The international community, represented by the United Nations, has been making unremitting efforts to promote a solution to the crisis, but no substantial progress has been made. The second part introduces the concept and practice of the responsibility to protect in international law. The outcome limits the responsibility to protect to four categories of crimes: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity, Military intervention is strictly within the framework of the UN Charter and authorized by the Security Council. This shows that R2P breaks through the limitation of non-intervention principle. The responsibility to protect has gone through three stages of development, at different times, and with international practice, namely, the crisis in Rwanda, the crisis in Serbia, the crisis in Darfur in Sudan and the crisis in Libya. It goes on to talk about the latest developments in the R2P crisis in Syria. The third part discusses the international law basis of implementing R2P and the dilemma of R2P. R2P is a better form of humanitarian intervention, avoiding civilians from harm, and a practice of collective security. However, due to the lack of development, the responsibility to protect is still difficult. The last part of the article discusses the suggestions of perfecting the responsibility to protect, puts forward some suggestions from the aspects of legislation and law enforcement, speeds up the legislative process of the responsibility to protect, and consummates the function of the United Nations in resolving the crisis in Syria. At the same time, China's proposal that respect for the principles of national sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs should be the basis of the responsibility to protect, and at the same time using peaceful means as far as possible, acting prudently and dealing with each case on a case-by-case basis, was also analyzed. Through the development of practice, R2P has become the consensus of belief among big countries and has a solid foundation. However, there is still much to be done for R2P and will have an impact on future human rights law.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D815.4;D99

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