北极资源开发的法律制度研究

发布时间：2018-10-21 20:54

【摘要】：当今世界,气候变暖、能源紧缺,北极大面积区域内丰富的资源包括航道、石油、天然气、矿业和渔业等,对世界各国来说都有着巨大的价值。虽然北极的陆地部分已经被俄罗斯、美国、加拿大、丹麦、挪威、芬兰、冰岛和瑞典等八个环北极国家占为领土,但是争夺北极的“战争”并没有因此而结束,并有愈演愈烈之势。在中国海洋大学极地问题专家郭培清看来,北极的主体是一片由主权国家领土环绕的海洋,因此,北极问题实质上是海洋问题。虽然这样,但是,笔者认为北极海域地理、政治形势复杂,有关海洋资源开发的法律不能简单的适用于解决北极资源开发的争端。目前,北极地区的国际法律制度包括两个层次：多边和双边两个层面。其中,多边层面中亦分为两部分,一部分1982年联合国海洋法公约。该公约是全球范围内解决海洋纠纷的首要国际公约。对全球范围内的海洋主权争端、海洋资源管理等具有不可替代的作用。但是正是由于这种宽泛的作用,使得其不能精确的对北极资源开发做出具体的指导和裁决。另一部分是多边条约,如1920年的《斯瓦尔巴群岛条约》(又称《斯匹兹卑尔伯根群岛条约》),是迄今为止关于北极的重要的政府间多边条约。但是,《斯瓦尔巴群岛条约》涉及的土地范围却仅仅限于斯瓦尔巴群岛(又称斯匹次卑尔根群岛),过于局限的地理范围使得它在北极资源开发中发挥的作用受到限制。另外是双边层面。如1988年美国和加拿大签订的《北极合作协议》等。相比较《南极条约》对于南极的多方限定,北极资源开发的法律体制并不十分健全。针对上述情形,亟待建立有效的法律机制用于解决北极资源开发的法律问题。这种法律机制应该是多边和双边相结合的共同开发的法律机制。然而,北极没有多边共同开发法律制度,既有的双边共同开发又存在一些缺陷。因此,北极资源开发中,建立多边共同开发法律制度十分必要,同时,双边共同开发的制度需要加以完善。中国虽然在北极没有领土或者边境线,但是,中国亦在寻求参与北极资源的共同开发,同样有许多法律问题需要注意。在建立北极资源开发法律机制的过程中,中国更应该以负责大国的姿态积极参与其中。
[Abstract]:In today's world, climate warming, energy shortage and abundant resources in the Arctic region, including waterways, oil, natural gas, mining and fisheries, are of great value to all countries in the world. Although Russia, the United States, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Iceland and Sweden have occupied the land parts of the Arctic as territories, the "war" over the Arctic has not ended. And there is a growing trend. According to Guo Peiqing, an expert on polar issues at China Ocean University, the main body of the Arctic is an ocean surrounded by the territory of sovereign states, so the Arctic issue is essentially an ocean issue. However, the author thinks that the geographical and political situation of the Arctic is very complicated, and the law on the exploitation of marine resources can not be applied to solve the dispute of the exploitation of Arctic resources. At present, the international legal system in the Arctic region has two levels: multilateral and bilateral. Among them, multilateral level also divides into two parts, a part 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Convention is the world's leading international convention for the settlement of maritime disputes. Ocean sovereignty disputes and ocean resource management are irreplaceable. But because of this broad role, it can not make specific guidance and decision on Arctic resource development. The other is a multilateral treaty, such as the Treaty of Svalbard in 1920 (also known as the Treaty of the Spitzbergen Islands), which is an important intergovernmental multilateral treaty on the Arctic until now. However, the Svalbard Treaty covers only the Svalbard Islands (also known as the Spitsbergen Islands), and its role in the exploitation of Arctic resources is limited by its limited geographical scope. The other is at the bilateral level. For example, 1988, the United States and Canada signed the Arctic Cooperation Agreement, and so on. Compared with the Antarctic Treaty, the legal system of Arctic resources exploitation is not perfect. In view of the above situation, it is urgent to establish an effective legal mechanism to solve the legal problems of Arctic resource development. This kind of legal mechanism should be a multilateral and bilateral joint development of the legal mechanism. However, there is no multilateral legal regime for joint development in the Arctic. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a multilateral legal system for joint development of Arctic resources, and at the same time, the system of bilateral joint development needs to be improved. Although China has no territory or border in the Arctic, it is also seeking to participate in the joint development of Arctic resources, and there are also many legal issues to be noted. In the process of establishing a legal mechanism for Arctic resource development, China should take an active part in it as a responsible power.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D993.5

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