论我国竞业限制制度的立法完善

发布时间：2018-04-05 21:16

本文选题：竞业限制　切入点：商业秘密　出处：《东北财经大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着我国社会主义市场经济的飞速发展,现今市场竞争也日益激烈,用人单位为了保护自身的商业秘密,往往会采取与劳动者签订竞业限制协议的方式。但是对于劳动者来说,其弊端是增大了就业难度,自由择业权和劳动生存权受到了极大的限制。竞业限制制度就是一把“双刃剑”,虽然在维护用人单位自身利益方面有其一定的合理性,即表现为避免因商业秘密被侵害而丧失竞争优势,但是在一定程度上对劳动者的自由择业权和劳动生存权构成了实际的威胁。因此,竞业限制协议一定要在一定的限度范围内,才能发挥作用。一旦超出必要的限度,势必会严重侵害劳动者就业和生活的权利,造成大面积劳动者无法在自己能胜任且熟悉的领域工作,使劳动者承担巨大的就业压力,进一步威胁社会的安定和繁荣。在目前劳资关系领域,劳动者与用人单位之间的矛盾主要体现在劳动者自主择业的保护与单位商业秘密的保护之间的冲突。在此情况下,需要在一定的立法理念和原则指导下进行必要的制度设计来实现双方利益的平衡。竞业限制制度可以高效地处理这一问题,并被广泛应用于世界各地。如何科学合理地设计出一套完整的竞业限制制度是当前妥善处理劳资双方矛盾所面临的重大课题,具有重大理论意义和现实意义。劳动者的忠实义务是劳动者的在职竞业限制义务产生的根源。劳动者的忠实义务是其能够正常地履行劳动职责的根本保障,只有在明确了劳动者忠实义务的前提下,用人单位制止劳动者的在职竞业行为的做法才能真正实现有法可依。然而,竞业限制制度产生的目的是为了平衡与协调劳资双方间的权益及对恶意竞争限制。法律创设竞业限制制度的初衷并非只是单方面保护用人单位的商业秘密,当前人力资源逐渐成为社会发展与进步的重要动力,明确劳动者的劳动权和用人单位的商业秘密权之间的界限的关键即是保证社会公共利益最大化。早期的竞业限制制度在国外的立法与司法活动中即被广泛的认可和采用,其设立的目的是作为保护用人单位的商业秘密的有效手段。然而,在不同的时期,各国对竞业限制制度也呈现出了不同的态度。参照典型国家的先进经验来完善我国的竞业限制制度,使其在保护用人单位商业秘密的同时发挥保护劳动者的自由择业权和劳动生存权的作用,并稳定市场竞争秩序。因为当前我国的劳动合同法中并没有明确规定劳动者的忠实义务,故我国的劳动者在职竞业限制制度一直处于模糊状态。各国的离职竞业限制制度都相对较为完善,大陆法系的法典对判断劳动者离职竞业协议有效性问题都进行了非常详尽的规定,而英美法国家则以判例为依据给予法官充足的自由裁量权。我国《劳动合同法》和一些其他的地方性法规对竞业限制也作出了规定，，但是今日仍然存在诸多不足之处。全文分为四个部分。首先,是关于竞业限制的基本概述,主要阐述竞业限制的内涵、起源发展、分类及法律特征。其次,从我国竞业限制制度的相关法律规定为切入点,深入分析了我国竞业限制制度的现状及存在的问题,主要从立法规定方面进行分析,提出了当前我国竞业限制制度存在的相关问题,比如缺乏在职竞业限制制度；竞业限制的职业和地域限制范围过于宽泛；竞业限制领域内缺乏专项集体合同规定；竞业限制领域缺乏禁令救济措施。再次,参考典型国家和地区有关竞业限制的相关法律规定,归纳总结出对我国相关立法完善中的借鉴作用。最后,提出完善我国竞业限制制度的立法建议。主要是建议确立在职竞业限制制度；确定合理的职业限制和地域限制范围；将专项集体合同应用于竞业限制领域；引入禁令救济制度。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's socialist market economy, the market competition is increasingly fierce, the employer in order to protect their trade secrets, will often take signed a non competition agreement with the workers. But for the workers, the drawback is increasing in difficulty, the right to freedom of choice and labor rights have been greatly limited. Non competition system is a "double-edged sword", while in the maintenance of the employer's own interests has certain rationality, that is to avoid the loss of competitive advantage for the trade secret infringement, but to a certain extent on the workers the right to freedom of choice and labor rights therefore pose a real threat. And the competition restriction agreement must be in a certain range, can play a role. Once beyond the limits of necessity, is bound to a serious violation of the employment and life Right causes large area workers to be unable to work in areas that they are competent and familiar, so that workers can shoulder huge employment pressure and further threaten social stability and prosperity.
In the current labor relations, between the worker and the employer of the contradictions are mainly embodied in the conflict between the protection and the unit workers choose the commercial secrets. In this case, the need for designing the necessary system in guiding the legislation idea and some principles to achieve the balance of interests of both sides. The non competition system can efficiently to deal with this problem, and is widely used in the world. How to reasonably design a complete set of non competition system is the major issue to properly handle the contradictions between employers and employees, has great theoretical and realistic significance. The duty of loyalty of workers are the origin of in-service non competition obligations of the laborer's duty of loyalty. The worker is the fundamental guarantee to the normal handling of labor duties, only in the premise of the employee loyalty duty, with people The unit to stop the practice of on-the-job competition behavior of workers in order to realize the law. However, the non competition system is produced to the balance and coordination between employers and employees' interests and the malicious competition restrictions. The law of non competition system in mind not just unilateral protection of business secrets of the employing unit, the current human resources has gradually become an important driving force the development and progress of the society, the key to clear labour right and between the right of commercial secret unit boundaries that is to ensure the maximization of public interests.
The system of prohibition of business strife in the early stage of foreign legislation and judicial activities is widely recognized and used, the purpose of its establishment is an effective means of commercial secrets of the employer as protection. However, in different periods, the non competition system also showed a different attitude. Referring to the advanced experience of typical countries to improve the competition of our country limit system, the commercial secrets of the play to protect the right to freedom of choice and the role of labor rights protection in the employing unit, and stabilize the market competition order.
Because of the current China's labor contract law and labor without faithful obligations stipulated in our country, the workers in the non competition system has been in a fuzzy state. The turnover non competition system are relatively perfect, civil code to determine the effectiveness of competition agreement turnover are very detailed provisions, and the common law countries is the case according to the discretion of a judge is sufficient. China < Labor Contract Law > and some other local regulations also made provisions on the prohibition of business strife, but today there are still many deficiencies.
This paper is divided into four parts. The first is about the basic overview of competition limits, mainly expounds the connotation, origin and development of competition limits, classification and legal characteristics. Secondly, from the relevant laws and regulations of China's non competition system as the starting point, in-depth analysis of the status quo of China's non competition system and existing problems. Mainly carries on the analysis from the aspects of legislation, puts forward some problems existing in our current system of prohibition of business strife, such as lack of in-service non competition system; non competition occupation and geographical constraints, the scope is too broad; the lack of restrictions on the provisions of the collective contract in the field of special restrictions; lack of injunctive relief measures. Thirdly, refer to the relevant legal provisions on the typical national and regional restrictions, to summarize the relevant legislation in reference. Finally, put forward to perfect China's non competition system The legislative suggestion is mainly to establish the system of on-the-job competition restriction, to establish reasonable occupational restrictions and geographical restrictions, apply the special collective contracts to the field of competition restriction, and introduce the injunction relief system.

【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.5

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