主要发达国家保险监管制度比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-29 03:26

  本文选题：发达国家 + 保险监管　； 参考：《吉林大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：保险监管是保障保险业健康、有序发展，保障保险消费者合法权益的重要手段。一般情况下，保险监管更多地体现为政府行为，是一种宏观层面的调控与监管，因此其所使用的手段主要表现为法律法规、行政指令和经济手段。世界各国基本上都建立了各具特色的保险监管制度，通过多层次的机构设计和科学的手段实现对保险业的监管。2008年全球金融危机的爆发使各国重新审视了保险监管的内容和范围，危机的发展速度和涉及范围都超出了人们的预期，从而引发了人们对保险监管问题的重新思考。 近年来，随着我国加入WTO后保险业对外开放程度不断提高，保险业的发展也表现出快速增长的势头，但是我国保险业在快速发展的过程中也发现了很多问题。以往，我国在保险监管领域经常参考英国、美国、日本、德国等发达国家的保险监管理念和模式，但是本轮金融危机的爆发使我们清醒地意识到必须避免盲目的跟从，要从中国的实际情况出发建立起一套稳定、有效的监管机制，这样才能保证我国保险业的健康发展。 本文以主要发达国家保险监管制度为研究对象，研究保险监管制度和风险防范问题，并希望对中国完善保险监管制度、防范金融风险等问题有所启发。首先，，论文梳理了保险监管制度的一般理论；其次，研究英国保险监管制度的内容及特点；再次，研究美国保险监管制度的内容及特点；第四，研究德国保险监管制度的内容及特点；第五，研究日本保险监管制度的内容及特点；第六，比较主要发达国家保险监管制度异同并分析其发展趋势；最后，在总结主要发达国家经验基础上，探索如何发展和完善中国保险监管制度。对于上述内容的研究得出一些有意义的结论。 保险监管因涉及的层面不同可以分为广义和狭义两种，一般研究中多以狭义保险监管为对象，重点考察政府实施的监管活动。保险监管的基本内容通常包括保险组织监管、保险市场秩序监管、保险偿付能力监管、保险投资监管、保险中介人监管和再保险监管等六个方面。保险监管的基本框架主要包括目标、意义、核心原则和主要模式。保险监管的理论体系来源于一般的规制理论，主要指政府或一些具有类似权威的组织对某一行业的干预，通常使用的手段包括法律和行政命令等。保险监管的主要理论包括公共利益理论、利益集团理论、保险监管成本理论和不完备法律理论等。 英国的保险市场监管制度演进大致经历了三个阶段，分别是20世纪70年代以前的有限监管阶段、20世纪70－90年代的监管法律制度建设阶段、1997年以后的统一监管阶段。英国的保险监管制度具有三个特殊性：第一，具有世界上最完备的保险经纪人制度，对保险经纪人的监管十分严格；第二，劳合社是保险业自律性组织的典范，其对保险参与者的要求甚至较一般行业标准更为严格；第三，对欧盟保险偿付能力标准Ⅱ的推行是强化其保险监管的重要内容。英国保险监管制度的特征主要包括：政府监管相对宽松，行业自律性极强；信息公开透明，有效保护消费者权益；强调偿付能力，统一金融监管。 美国保险监管制度的演进也分为三个阶段，分别是19世纪中期至20世纪60年代的严格监管阶段、20世纪60年代至21世纪初的放松监管与偿付能力审慎监管阶段以及21世纪初至今的监管力量整合阶段。美国保险监管的目的在于保护被保险人的利益，十分强调费率监管、偿付能力监管和保险监管与保险评级机构的互动。美国保险监管制度的特征主要包括：严格而规范的州监管体系是美国保险监管的主体；适度扩张的联邦监管体系成为近年来的主要特色；完善的混业经营监管规范是保证美国保险市场稳定发展的重要基础。 德国保险两大法律  《保险监管法》和《保险合同法》是德国保险监管监管制度的基本框架，在百年历史中都经历了多次修改。随着欧盟保险市场一体化程度的不断加深，其做出的适应性调整也相应增加。德国在现有法律中重点对原保险市场在保险监管责任范围、保险人的建议和说明义务、投保人的告知义务和责任、以及被保险人权利等方面进行了重要修改。德国保险监管制度具有法律制度健全、监管体系层次多以及监管制度应急调整及时等特点。正是这些特点使德国保险业在2008年全球金融危机和2010年欧洲债务危机爆发后都表现出了稳定的增长态势，保险业业绩在全球处于领先地位。 日本保险监管制度演进也分为三个时期，分别是二战后到20世纪80年代的传统模式阶段、20世纪80年代中期到90年代末的监管改革阶段以及20世纪90年代末至今的监管稳定阶段。日本保险监管制度涉及监管机构、偿付能力监管标准、保险费率、保险资金运用、保护基金制度、信息保护制度、经营范围、营销方式以及外资保险公司等多个方面。日本保险监管的特征为：具有比较成熟监管体系和模式，加强中介机构的管理，强化公司内部管理，以市场化原则完善保险市场，遵守国际保险监管标准。 英国、美国、德国和日本为代表的主要发达国家在保险监管模式方面的相同之处在于其法律体系相对都比较完善，都建立了详细而完备的法律法规；都建立了独立和健全的保险监管机构以控制金融风险；基本完成了由监管内容向偿付能力监管的转变，由分业监管向混业监管转变。差异之处在于：保险监管所秉承的理念和思想不尽相同，混业经营监管体系不同。本文从监管原则、有效风险控制、监管方式、监管合作和监管实践等五个方面分析了监管合作存在的必要性和合理性。此外，强调各国应该加强宏观审慎监管、集团监管、监管合作与协调的发展趋势。 中国保险业发展的历史较短，保险监管制度也不够成熟。中国保险监管制度在强调和加强偿付能力监管的同时，也束缚了保险业市场竞争力的提升。本文认为，中国完善保险监管制度应该从制定保险监管目标入手，加强保险监管法制体系建设，逐步转向以偿付能力为主的保险监管方式，积极防范混业经营可能带来的风险，建立公开信息披露制度，使中国保险市场持续健康发展。
[Abstract]:Insurance supervision is an important means to guarantee the healthy and orderly development of insurance industry and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of insurance consumers . In general , insurance supervision is embodied as government behavior , which is a macro - level regulation and regulation . Therefore , the means used mainly include laws , regulations , administrative instructions and economic means . The global financial crisis has basically established various insurance supervision systems with different characteristics , and the development speed of the crisis and the scope of the crisis are beyond the expectations of people , thus causing people to reconsider insurance supervision .


In recent years , with China ' s accession to the WTO , the opening of the insurance industry has increased and the development of the insurance industry has also shown a lot of problems . In the past , China ' s insurance industry has also found a lot of problems in the course of rapid development . In the past , our country has always made reference to insurance supervision concepts and models in developed countries such as the UK , the United States , Japan , Germany and so on in the field of insurance supervision .


In this paper , the insurance supervision system of the main developed countries is studied , the insurance supervision system and the risk prevention are studied , and it is hoped that the insurance supervision system should be improved and the financial risks should be protected . First , the general theory of the insurance supervision system is reviewed .
Secondly , the contents and characteristics of UK insurance supervision system are studied .
Thirdly , the content and characteristics of American insurance supervision system are studied .
Fourthly , to study the contents and characteristics of German insurance supervision system ;
Fifth , to study the contents and characteristics of Japan ' s insurance supervision system ;
sixthly , comparing and analyzing the similarities and differences between the insurance supervision system of the major developed countries and analyzing the developing trend ;
Finally , on the basis of summarizing the experience of the major developed countries , we explore how to develop and perfect China ' s insurance supervision system .


Insurance supervision is divided into broad sense and narrow sense because of the different aspects . The basic contents of insurance supervision usually include insurance organization supervision , insurance market order supervision , insurance solvency regulation , insurance investment supervision , insurance intermediary supervision and reinsurance supervision . The theory system of insurance supervision is derived from general regulation theory , which mainly refers to the government or some organizations with similar authority to intervene in a certain industry . The main theories of insurance supervision include public interest theory , interest group theory , insurance supervision cost theory and incomplete legal theory .


The evolution of British insurance market supervision system has undergone three stages , namely , the limited supervision stage before the 1970s , the construction stage of supervision legal system in the 1970s and 1990s , and the unified supervision stage after 1997 . The insurance supervision system in England has three particularity : First , it has the most complete insurance broker system in the world , and the supervision of insurance broker is very strict ;
Second , Lloyd ' s is a model of insurance industry ' s self - discipline organization , which is more strict to the requirements of insurance participants and even more general industry standards ;
Third , the implementation of EU insurance solvency standard II is an important part of strengthening its insurance supervision . The characteristics of UK insurance supervision system mainly include : relatively loose government regulation , strong industry self - discipline ;
Information disclosure is transparent and effective in protecting consumers ' rights and interests ;
Emphasis is placed on solvency and harmonization of financial regulation .


The evolution of the American insurance supervision system is divided into three stages , namely , the strict supervision stage of the mid - 19th century to the 1960s , the deregulation and solvency prudential supervision stage in the early 1960s and the beginning of the 21st century , and the supervision power integration stage to the present since the beginning of the 21st century . The purpose of the insurance supervision in the United States lies in protecting the interests of the insured , emphasizing the interaction between the rate supervision , the solvency regulation and the insurance supervision and insurance rating agencies .
A moderately expanded federal regulatory system has become a major feature in recent years ;
The perfect regulation of mixed operation is an important basis for ensuring the stable development of American insurance market .


寰峰浗淇濋櫓涓ゅぇ娉曞緥  <淇濋櫓鐩戠�℃�

本文编号：1818195