服务合同一般规定立法研究

发布时间：2018-05-31 20:55

本文选题：服务合同 + 一般规定　；参考：《南京大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：服务在现代经济中的地位极为重要,以服务为交换对象的合同也日趋普遍,对服务的法律调整已经成为现代社会中重要的法律现象。在大陆法系传统民法典中,服务合同是学理上基于现行立法所归纳的合同基本类型之一,但服务合同本身并未成为法律上规定的有名合同。由于合同总则甚至法律行为的一般规则主要是以买卖合同为蓝本而构建,难以实现对服务合同的全面规范,立法者通常采取如下解决方案：一方面在合同分则中尽可能规定各种常见的具体类型服务合同,以实现有针对性地调整；另一方面为缓和民事立法者当时可预见类型的局限,赋予其中某种具体类型服务合同补充适用的一般法地位。如在《瑞士债法典》和我国台湾地区民法典中,明确规定有关委任的条款适用于法律未作规定的其他类型服务合同。然而,此种立法模式不仅在理论上不断受到质疑,而且在司法实践中也经常出现被回避适用的现象。自二十世纪九十年代开始,部分国家立法出现了对服务合同有名化并进行一般调整的立法动向,如《荷兰民法典》有关“服务提供合同”的一般规定,《俄罗斯联邦民法典》关于“有偿服务”的一般规定。进入二十一世纪后,在众多知名学者参与且具有代表性的立法研究成果中,服务合同在立法技术上更为全面地采用了总则一分则之模式,并专门创设了有关服务合同的一般规定,如《欧洲私法的原则、定义和示范规则：共同参考架构草案》中规定的“适用于服务合同的普遍规则”、日本《债权法改正的基本方针》形成的有关“役务提供契约"的一般规定。相较而言,不仅我国现行合同立法中未制定有关服务合同的一般规定,而且在我国众多知名学者参与起草的现有三部民法典草案中,也未提出有关服务合同一般规定的立法建议。相对于商品而言,服务具有无形性、不可分离性、异质性和易逝性等四个主要特征。鉴于服务的上述主要特征,根据有名合同的立法界定通例和服务合同的相关学理,可对服务合同作如下界定：“服务合同是指一方当事人(服务提供人)向相对方(客户)提供服务,相对方支付报酬或不支付报酬的合同。服务合同未约定报酬的,如经营者是在其经营范围内为相对人提供服务,则推定相对人就此作了支付相应报酬的约定。”虽然雇佣合同、委托合同和承揽合同三者均属于服务合同的基本类型,但随着劳动立法的兴起,雇佣合同实际已经超越了民法的基本理论框架并被特别化为专门的研究领域,故在发现服务合同规范的共同规律上,委托合同和承揽合同的相关立法具有基础地位。从我国现行立法对承揽合同的界定来看,承揽合同的界定不仅要求完成工作,而且必须交付工作成果,适用范围相对较窄。从我国现行立法对委托合同的界定来看,处理事务的范围既包括法律行为,也包括准法律行为和事实行为,可以将委托合同看作是服务合同的补充适用规则。但上述立法在司法实践中面临适用上的困境,有必要反思服务合同传统立法模式并寻求立法模式的变革。而在服务合同中引入总则——分则的立法模式并形成有关服务合同的一般规定的做法,是其中最好的立法选择。对于服务合同在订立、履行、变更、解除中一般规定的考量,不仅需要积极借鉴《欧洲私法的原则、定义和示范规则：共同参考架构草案》、日本《债权法改正的基本方针》等新近立法研究成果的经验,也要充分虑及我国有关承揽合同和委托合同的立法及司法实践之现状。关于服务合同的订立,认为有必要在先合同义务、信息提供义务相关法理的基础上,考虑服务的无形性特征,在服务合同立法中创设有关先合同警示义务的一般规定,但宜将纳入侵权法规范范围的保护义务排除在外。对于服务合同的履行,首先指出合同履行的一般原则中不应包括亲自履行原则,亲自履行原则应当是我国服务合同履行的一般原则。而对于服务合同履行的内容,则区分主给付义务和附随义务分别进行考量：基于手段债务和结果债务区分的法理,将服务提供人的主给付义务区分为服务提供人注意义务和完成工作成果义务这二种基本类型；至于客户在有偿服务合同中报酬支付义务的履行,原则上采“后付主义”,没有同时履行抗辩权之适用；结合服务的不可分离性、异质性等特征,认为有必要明确规定合作义务、遵守客户指令义务、合同警示义务等常见的附随义务类型。关于服务合同的变更,通过指出定作人中途变更权不同于合同法总则规定的一般合同变更类型,认为有必要在服务合同一般规定的立法中引入单方变更制度。对于服务合同的解除,也强调任意解除权不同于合同法总则中规定的因违约而产生的法定解除权,认为有必要在服务合同一般规定的立法中规定客户一方的任意解除权、不规定服务提供人的任意解除权,除非服务合同系属无偿。基于前述研究,最终形成对我国服务合同一般规定立法的整体建议,以期为我国将来民法典中有关服务合同的立法提供有益之借鉴。
[Abstract]:Service is very important in the modern economy, and the contract of service as the exchange object is becoming more and more common. The legal adjustment of service has become an important legal phenomenon in the modern society.
In the traditional civil code of the continental law system, the service contract is one of the basic types of contracts based on the current legislation, but the service contract itself does not become a famous contract stipulated by the law. The legislator usually adopts the following solutions: on the one hand, it is possible to stipulate a variety of common specific types of service contracts in the sub contract in order to achieve a targeted adjustment; on the other hand, to ease the limitations of the foreseeable types of the civil lawmakers at that time, and give them a specific type of service contract to supplement it. General law status, such as the Swiss code of debt and the civil code of the Taiwan region of China, clearly stipulates that the terms and conditions of the appointment are applicable to other types of service contracts which are not stipulated in the law. However, this legislative model is not only questioned in theory, but also often appears in the judicial practice.
Since 1990s, some legislative trends have emerged in some national legislation, such as the general provisions of the Holland civil code, the "service provision contract", the general provisions of the "Russian Federation civil code" on "paid services", and the number of well-known schools after twenty-first Century. In the representative legislative research results, the service contract has adopted the general rules and one sub rule in the legislative technology, and created the general provisions concerning the service contracts, such as the principles, definitions and demonstration rules of the European Private Law: the "applicable to service contract" stipulated in the draft of the common reference framework. General rules of "general rules", the general provisions of the basic policy of the correction of the creditor's rights law in Japan. Compared with the general provisions of the current contract legislation in our country, not only the general provisions of the service contract are not formulated in the current contract legislation of our country, but also the relevant services have not been put forward in the three draft civil code drafted by many well-known scholars in our country. Legislative proposals generally stipulated in the contract.
Service has four main characteristics, such as intangible, non separability, heterogeneity and perishability. In view of the main characteristics of the service, the service contract can be defined as follows: "the service contract refers to one party (service provider). A contract that provides services for a party (a customer), relative to the payment or non payment of remuneration. The service contract does not stipulate the remuneration, if the operator provides the service to the relative within the scope of its operation, then the relative person is presumed to have paid the remuneration accordingly. "Although the contract of employment, the contract and the contract of contract are all three of the services. The basic types of the contract, but with the rise of labor legislation, the employment contract has actually surpassed the basic theoretical framework of the civil law and has been specially designated as a special research field. Therefore, in the common law of the discovery of service contract norms, the relevant legislation of entrustment contracts and contract contracts has a basic position.
From the definition of the contract contract in China's current legislation, the definition of contract is not only required to complete the work, but also must be delivered, and the scope of application is relatively narrow. From the definition of the current legislation of our country, the scope of dealing with the contract includes both the legal act and the quasi legal act and the fact behavior. The entrustment contract is regarded as the supplementary application rule of the service contract. But the above legislation is faced with the dilemma in the judicial practice. It is necessary to reflect on the traditional legislative mode of the service contract and seek the reform of the legislative mode. Law is the best choice of legislation.
As for the general consideration of service contracts in the formation, performance, change and dissolution, we should not only learn from the principles, definitions and demonstrations of the European private law, the draft of the framework of the framework of common reference, the basic principles of the correction of the creditor's right law, and other recent legislative research results, but also fully take into account the contract and entrustment of our country. The present situation of the same legislation and judicial practice. On the basis of the establishment of service contract, it is necessary to establish the general provisions on the warning obligations of the first contract in the legislation of service contract, on the basis of the obligation of the first contract and the legal principle of information provision, and to establish the obligation of warning of the first contract in the legislation of the service contract, but it should be included in the protection obligation of the scope of the tort law. For the performance of the service contract, it is pointed out that the general principles of the performance of the contract should not include the principle of personal performance, and the principle of the performance of the service contract in our country should be the general principle of performing the service contract in our country. As a result, the legal principle of the debt division divides the principal payment obligations of the service providers into two basic types: the service provider's duty of attention and the completion of the work achievement obligation. As for the performance of the payment obligation of the customer in the paid service contract, the "back payment doctrine" is adopted in principle, and the application of the right of defense is not performed at the same time; The non separability, heterogeneity and other characteristics, think it is necessary to clearly specify the obligation of cooperation, compliance with the obligation of customer instruction, and the common type of accompanying obligation of the contract warning obligation. On the change of service contract, it is considered necessary to serve the general contract change type which is different from the general rule of the contract law. In the general provisions of the contract, the system of unilateral change is introduced into the legislation. For the termination of the service contract, it is also emphasized that the right of arbitrarily relieved is different from that stipulated in the general provisions of the contract law. It is necessary to stipulate the arbitrarily relieving rights of the client in the general provisions of the service contract, and do not stipulate the service provider. The right of arbitrarily relieved unless the service contract is unpaid.
Based on the previous research, the general proposal for the general provision of legislation for the service contract in China is finally formed in order to provide useful reference for the legislation of the service contract in the civil code of our country in the future.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D923.6

【参考文献】