利他合同性质研究

发布时间：2018-06-01 05:27

本文选题：利他合同 + 拒绝权　；参考：《华东政法大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：合同作为特定当事人之间的协议，原则上只在该特定当事人之间发生法律效力。然而，随着社会发展，交易日趋复杂，利他合同开始在保险、运输等商事领域被广泛应用。出于该制度在交易上的特殊优势，在民法上建立利他合同制度的呼声越来越高，包括德国、法国、日本、美国在内的国家均在合同法中承认了利他合同的制度。在我国，《合同法》草案第六十五条第二款曾规定利他合同中的第三人享有直接请求权，然而在1999年施行的《中华人民共和国合同法》中却删除了此项内容。因利他合同制度的缺失，在其后一段时间里，对于我国是否存在利他合同制度以及利他合同制度应当如何进行规范，学界存在广泛的讨论。笔者认为，利他合同制度是由社会现实倒逼出来的法律问题，其所带来的交易便利无需多作论证，利他合同争论的核心并非其是否有存在的必要，而是其应当以何种方式存在，，其中最为关键的，就是对利他合同性质的确认或选择。本文共分为三章：第一章对利他合同进行概述。笔者以亲身经办的一起真实案件为引子，综合对其他相关判例的研究，以及对《中华人民共和国合同法》第六十四条内涵的探讨，以证明社会现实对利他合同的需求和认可。继而讨论因利他合同制度的缺失所导致的司法裁判上的紊乱，以引出探讨利他合同性质的必要性。为了便于下文的讨论，本章对利他合同的基本概念及用语进行了界定，并对与利他合同相近的相关制度进行辨析。第二章从比较法上对利他合同制度进行考察。本章首先从历史分析角度出发，阐述了利他合同在罗马法上的起源以及后续发展。再从比较分析角度，通过对比各国关于利他合同制度的法律规定，发现各国关于利他合同成立条件和法律效果的规定及区别。在立法并无通例的情况下，需要对利他合同性质的相关学说进行逻辑上的梳理，以明确各种学说的利弊，确定我国利他合同制度的立法方向。第三章从多个层面对利他合同性质学说展开分析。首先，通过对传统学说的评析，在传统法律体系内对利他合同进行解析并不实际。其次，通过法律拟制方法在利他合同制度中的运用以及对其优缺点的分析，认为拟制在利他合同中的适用存在缺陷。又通过对权利直接取得说以及合同相对性的分析，认为权利取得说最大的弊端在于其突破了意思自治原则。最后论证了契约说以及拒绝权的制度在利他合同制度上的可行性，认为我国应当结合契约说和拒绝权制度建立利他合同制度。
[Abstract]:A contract, as an agreement between a particular party, is, in principle, only legally effective between that particular party. However, with the development of society and the increasingly complex transactions, altruistic contracts have been widely used in insurance, transportation and other commercial fields. Because of the special advantage of this system in the trade, the voice of establishing altruistic contract system in civil law is more and more high. The countries including Germany, France, Japan and the United States have recognized the altruistic contract system in the contract law. In our country, the second paragraph of Article 65 of the draft of contract Law provides that the third party in the altruistic contract shall have the right of direct claim, but it has been deleted from the contract Law of the people's Republic of China, which came into force in 1999. Due to the lack of altruistic contract system, there has been extensive discussion in academic circles about whether there is altruistic contract system and how to regulate altruistic contract system in our country. The author thinks that the altruistic contract system is a legal problem forced by social reality, and the transaction convenience brought about by altruistic contract does not need to be demonstrated. The core of altruistic contract argument is not the necessity of its existence, but the way in which it should exist. The most important thing is to confirm or choose the nature of altruistic contract. This paper is divided into three chapters: The first chapter summarizes the altruistic contract. The author takes a real case handled in person as the introduction, synthesizes the research on other relevant cases, and probes into the connotation of Article 64 of contract Law of the people's Republic of China, in order to prove the demand and approval of the social reality for altruistic contract. Then the author discusses the disorder of judicial decision caused by the absence of altruistic contract system, which leads to the necessity of exploring the nature of altruistic contract. In order to facilitate the following discussion, this chapter defines the basic concepts and terms of altruistic contract, and discriminates the relevant systems similar to altruistic contract. The second chapter investigates altruistic contract system from comparative law. In this chapter, the origin and development of altruistic contract in Roman law are discussed from the perspective of historical analysis. From the perspective of comparative analysis, by comparing the legal provisions of the altruistic contract system in various countries, the author finds out the provisions and differences of the conditions and legal effects of the establishment of altruistic contracts in various countries. In the case of legislation without general rules, it is necessary to sort out the relevant theories about the nature of altruistic contracts in order to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of various theories and to determine the legislative direction of the altruistic contract system in our country. Chapter three analyzes the nature of altruistic contract from many aspects. First of all, it is not practical to analyze altruistic contract in the traditional legal system through the analysis of the traditional theory. Secondly, through the application of the legal fictitious method in the altruistic contract system and the analysis of its advantages and disadvantages, the author thinks that there are defects in the application of the fictitious method in the altruistic contract. Through the analysis of the theory of direct right acquisition and the relativity of contract, the author thinks that the biggest drawback of right acquisition theory is that it breaks through the principle of autonomy of will. Finally, the author demonstrates the feasibility of the contract theory and the system of refusal right in the altruistic contract system, and thinks that our country should combine the contract theory and the rejection right system to establish the altruistic contract system.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923

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