我国放射性污染风险防范法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-01-26 02:59

本文关键词： 放射性污染风险防范环境保护法律制度　出处：《东北林业大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着全球放射性污染事故的频繁发生,并由此引发巨大的环境灾难,给全球的人类健康、财产安全和生态环境造成了巨大的危害。与此同时,核能在我国的能源结构中发挥了越来越重要的作用。在核技术的应用方面,我国的放射性同位素与辐射技术在农业、工业、医疗等方面的应用也越来越广泛,但我国在核能与核技术开发及其利用过程中的安全问题和放射性污染问题也逐渐呈现出来。放射性污染是指在生产、生活等活动中排放超过了国家标准的放射性物质或者射线,造成改变环境放射性水平,使环境质量恶化,影响环境安全,危害人体健康或者破坏生态环境的现象,或者存在对环境的某种潜在威胁。放射性污染与我们通常讲的核污染含义一致,放射性污染属于辐射污染的一部分。我国政府历来重视环境保护工作,现在越来越重视放射性污染环境风险问题。目前我国放射性污染风险防范的法律渊源包括全国性立法,行政法规,部门规章及其他规范性文件,地方性法规、规章及其他规范性文件,国际公约、双边与多边条约。这些法律规定与环境保护的要求相比还存在一些不足,这些问题主要表现为：法律规定不全面不系统,规范性文件效力层级低,风险防范法律制度不完善,风险防范的管理体制不顺等。本文在合理借鉴国际国外有关放射性污染风险防范法律制度的经验做法基础上,就如何完善我国的放射性污染风险防范法治提出了一些构想。首先阐述了我国放射性污染风险防范立法应当坚持的风险预防、安全保障、国际合作、普遍参与这四项基本原则。然后本文提出需对我国放射性污染风险防范立法进行技术变革,即要系统修订现行的规范性法律文件,并将放射性污染风险防范标准和技术规范纳入法律化轨道。结合放射性污染风险防范主要法律制度存在的问题,本文就如何进一步完善放射性环境监测制度、放射性安全管理与安全警示制度、放射性风险通报制度、放射性废物管理制度、同位素备案制度进行了深入探讨。最后本文提出要理顺放射性污染风险防范的管理体制,设立专门独立的监督管理机构,赋予统一的监督管理职权。
[Abstract]:With the frequent occurrence of the global radioactive pollution accidents, which caused a huge environmental disaster, to the global human health, property safety and ecological environment caused great harm. Nuclear energy plays a more and more important role in the energy structure of our country. In the application of nuclear technology, the application of radioisotope and radiation technology in agriculture, industry, medical treatment is more and more extensive. However, the safety problems and radioactive pollution problems in the development and utilization of nuclear energy and nuclear technology in China have gradually emerged. Radioactive pollution refers to production. The discharge of radioactive substances or rays exceeding the national standard in activities such as living causes changes in the level of environmental radioactivity, makes the quality of the environment deteriorate, and affects the safety of the environment. A phenomenon that endangers human health or destroys the ecological environment, or where there is a potential threat to the environment. Radioactive pollution is consistent with what we usually mean by nuclear pollution. Radioactive pollution is a part of radiation pollution. Our government has always attached importance to environmental protection. Nowadays, more and more attention is paid to the environmental risk of radioactive pollution. At present, the legal sources of preventing the risk of radioactive pollution in China include national legislation, administrative regulations, departmental regulations and other normative documents, local laws and regulations. Regulations and other normative documents, international conventions, bilateral and multilateral treaties. Compared with the requirements of environmental protection, these legal provisions still have some shortcomings. The level of normative documents is low and the legal system of risk prevention is not perfect. The management system of risk prevention is not good. This paper is based on the experience and practice of international and foreign countries on the prevention of radioactive pollution risk. This paper puts forward some ideas on how to perfect the rule of law of radioactive pollution risk prevention in our country. Firstly, it expounds the risk prevention, safety guarantee and international cooperation that should be adhered to in the legislation of radioactive pollution risk prevention in our country. Then this paper puts forward the need to carry on the technical reform to our country radioactive pollution risk prevention legislation, that is, to revise the current normative legal documents systematically. And put the radioactive pollution risk prevention standards and technical norms into the legalized orbit. Combined with the main legal system of radioactive pollution risk prevention problems, this paper on how to further improve the radioactive environment monitoring system. Radioactive safety management and safety warning system, radioactive risk notification system, radioactive waste management system. The isotope filing system is discussed in depth. Finally, this paper puts forward that the management system of preventing the risk of radioactive pollution should be straightened out, a special independent supervision and management organization should be set up, and a unified supervision and management authority should be given.
【学位授予单位】：东北林业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D922.68

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