渤海环境保护中非滨海省区的法制建设任务

发布时间：2018-05-21 19:45

本文选题：渤海环境保护 + 非滨海省区　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：渤海是深入我国大陆的半封闭型浅海,半封闭型的地理环境决定了渤海的海域环境状况与周边人类的生产生活息息相关,然而,在大力发展环渤海经济圈的同时,我们看到,汇入和沉积在渤海的化学污染物总量呈不断扩大的趋势,在这种趋势的影响下,渤海海水水质恶化、海洋生态系统失衡以及赤潮灾害频发等各种重大的海洋生态问题日渐凸显。 20世纪90年代后期,渤海环境保护已经成为国家战略任务之一,国家环保总局和国家海洋局分别联合环渤海三省一市以及高等学校、研究院、所等机构,陆续制定了《渤海碧海蓝天行动计划》、《渤海综合整治计划》等相关的规划性法律文件,在这些规划的引领下,我们已经进行了主要化学污染物排放总量控制和渤海海洋生态环境质量预防的控制和治理的相关问题的研究和解决。长期关于渤海环境保护理论研究和实际操作得出的结论是:在保护渤海环境的过程中,法律手段是不可缺少的,要在立法层面上加强对从沿岸排污口到河流、从入海口到流域上游地区的污染源控制,加强立法,严格执法。在这个大趋势的驱动下,关于渤海立法的课题被正式提上议事日程。 2009年国家发改委牵头编制的《渤海环境保护总体规划(2008年~2020年)》中确定了加强重点环节和关键领域的保护与防治,建立渤海污染防治与生态修复系统等五大任务,体现了渤海环境保护任务的综合性、战略性、客观性和长期性。要从根本上改善渤海的污染状况,就要坚持“海陆统筹、河海兼顾”的原则,由于渤海的化学污染物主要来源于陆源、海源和气源三大途径,其中,陆源污染源是渤海最重要的污染源之一。陆源污染源包括点源和面源两大类,其中前者又可分为入海河流和排污口,是各类化学污染物的主要来源;后者主要是指村镇、农田地表径流,是营养盐、COD等污染物的主要来源。据统计,环渤海地区拥有黄河、海河和辽河三大水系共80多条河流汇入渤海,其中主要河流有40多条,而这些流入渤海的河流几乎没有一条的河水是清洁的。渤海的半封闭性质决定了它的自净能力是有限的,而有专家研究称,“渤海径流水系入海污染物质的管理如果完全到位,则渤海环保工作将完成30%。①因此,控制各条汇入渤海河流的水量、水质、渔业、生态问题不失为解决渤海环境问题的一个好办法,而每一条河流的流域都是一个生态系统,对河流的治理不应当只单独着眼于入海口,而应该从流域的特性出发,整体综合治理,在这个层面上,关于渤海环境保护的问题,入渤海河流的流域的省市都负有不可推卸的责任,除却环渤海的十三市外,非滨海省区在渤海环境保护中也应当进行相关的立法,把河流污染、水量匮乏、生态破外等问题就地解决。与渤海相关的非滨海省区包涵面很广:黄河流域的青海省、甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区、内蒙古自治区、陕西省、山西省、河南省和山东省非滨海的市县;海河流域包括北京、河北省的非滨海市县、山西省、河南省、山东省非滨海市县;辽河流域包括河北省、内蒙古自治区、吉林省和辽宁省的非滨海市县。本文从汇入渤海的黄河、海河、辽河三大水系的流域出发,分析三大流域的非滨海省区在渤海环境污染和生态破坏中应承担的责任,论证非滨海省区在渤海环境保护中承担责任的必要性和可行性,进而全面梳理中央和地方关于三大流域的立法中与渤海环境保护相关的法律,从各地的实际出发,找出在渤海环境保护中各地立法执法的优点与不足,通过对比,针对不足,提出非滨海省区在渤海环境保护中的法制建设任务。
[Abstract]:Bohai is a semi closed shallow sea in the mainland of China. The semi closed geographical environment determines that the environmental conditions of Bohai are closely related to the production and life of the surrounding people. However, while developing the economic circle of Bohai, we see that the total amount of chemical pollutants in the Bohai and the Bohai is constantly expanding. Under the influence of various trends, major marine ecological problems, such as deterioration of marine water quality, imbalance of marine ecosystem and frequent occurrence of red tides, are becoming increasingly prominent in Bohai.
In the late 1990s, the environmental protection of Bohai has become one of the national strategic tasks. The State Environmental Protection Administration and the State Oceanic Administration jointly annex the three provinces and one city of Bohai, as well as institutions of higher learning, research institutes, and other institutions, which have successively formulated the related planning legal documents, such as the Bohai blue sea blue sky action plan, and the Bohai comprehensive regulation plan. Under the guidance of these plans, we have studied and solved the problems related to the control and control of the total emission control of major chemical pollutants and the prevention of the quality of the marine ecological environment in Bohai.
For a long time, the conclusion of Bohai environmental protection theory and practical operation is that the legal means are indispensable in the process of protecting the environment of Bohai. It is necessary to strengthen the pollution source control system from the coastal discharge port to the river, from the mouth of the sea to the upper reaches of the basin in the legislative level, and to strengthen the legislation and enforce the law strictly. Driven by legislation, the issue of legislation in Bohai has been officially put on the agenda.
In 2009, the overall planning of Bohai environmental protection (~2020 2008), led by the national development and Reform Commission, determined the protection and prevention of key links and key areas, and the establishment of the Bohai pollution control and ecological restoration system and other five major tasks, which reflected the comprehensive, strategic, objectivity and long-term nature of the environmental protection task of Bohai. In order to improve the pollution situation in Bohai, we should adhere to the principle of "overall planning of land and sea and balance between river and sea", because the chemical pollutants in Bohai are mainly derived from three main sources of land source, sea source and gas source, of which the source of land source pollution is one of the most important sources of pollution in Bohai.
The source of land source pollution includes two major categories: point source and surface source, the former can be divided into the river and the sewage outlet, which is the main source of all kinds of chemical pollutants; the latter mainly refers to the villages and towns, the farmland surface runoff, the main source of the nutrients, COD and other pollutants. According to the statistics, there are three major water systems in the Haiti region of the Bohai Sea and the sea and the Liaohe River. Rivers flow into Bohai, with more than 40 main rivers, and almost none of the rivers that flow into Bohai are clean.
The semi closed nature of Bohai determines that its self purification capacity is limited, and an expert study says, "if the management of the pollution material in the Bohai river system is completely in place, the environmental protection work of Bohai will complete 30%. 1, thus controlling the water quantity, water quality, fishery and ecological problems of all the rivers in Bohai to solve the environmental problems of Bohai." A good way, and every river basin is an ecological system, the river management should not only focus on the entrance to the sea, but should start from the characteristics of the river basin, overall comprehensive treatment, on this level, on the problem of environmental protection in Bohai, the provinces and cities of the river basin in the Bohai River have an unshirkable responsibility. In the thirteen cities around Bohai, relevant legislation should be carried out in the environmental protection of non coastal provinces and regions in Bohai. The problems of river pollution, water shortage and ecological destruction should be solved in place.
The non coastal provinces related to Bohai are well covered: Qinghai Province, Gansu, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Shaanxi Province, Shanxi Province, Henan province and Shandong Province, the non coastal cities and counties of the Yellow River River Basin; Haihe River basin includes Beijing, Hebei province's non coastal cities, provinces, provinces, non coastal cities and counties; the Liaohe River Basin package. Including Hebei, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Jilin province and Liaoning Province, this paper analyzes the responsibility of non littoral provinces in the environmental pollution and ecological destruction of Bohai in the three major water systems of the Yellow River, Haihe River and Liaohe River in Bohai, and discusses the responsibility of non coastal provinces in the environmental protection of Bohai. It is necessary and feasible to make a comprehensive combing of the laws relating to the environmental protection of the three major basins in the central and local areas, and to find out the advantages and disadvantages of the legislative law enforcement in Bohai environmental protection from the actual conditions of the three regions. By contrast, the legal construction of the non coastal provinces in Bohai's environmental protection is proposed. Set up a task.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：X321;D922.6

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