我国跨流域调水生态补偿法律制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-28 15:54

本文选题：水资源 + 跨流域调水　；参考：《中国政法大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 为解决我国水资源地区分布不均的现状,我国政府建造了大量跨流域调水工程,典型的如南水北调工程。跨流域调水是国家在全国范围内对水资源进行的合理配置,属于国家宏观调控行为。跨流域调水在一定程度上缓解了缺水地区的水资源紧缺状况,为受水区的生活和生产用水提供了保障,保证了受水区经济社会发展。但由于水资源调出区的水污染防治和生态保护需要投入大量的成本,而且为了保护水源地的生态环境,跨流域调水调出区往往对工业、农业发展进行限制甚至一定程度的禁止,导致了当地经济发展受到很大的制约。跨流域调水的调入区在享用高质量水资源的时候,如果没有为此付出应有的经济和生态投入,也未给调出区应有的经济补偿,长此以往就会导致跨流域调水的调水区和受水区之间的不平衡,不利于有效实现调水工程预期的目标,更不利于不同区域间的共同富裕、和谐发展。对上述生态利益分配问题,国内外学者已经进行了多方面的研究,并就如何实现流域间的利益平衡达成了初步认识,即认为生态补偿是一种比较合适的解决方式,因为产生生态利益分配不公的根源即经济外部性原理和水资源的公共物品属性。理论上解决此问题的途径主要有市场和政府两种,而生态补偿就是融合了市场的交易手段和政府的宏观调控等手段的综合的利益协调机制。目前我国学者对同一流域内上下游之间的生态补偿问题,已经有了相对完善的理论研究,个别地方也已经进行了生态补偿的实践。但对于各大流域之间的调水行为,学术界则关注不够。跨流域调水是国家的宏观调控行为,政府在调水中有着主导地位,所以其生态补偿也需要政府的主导作用；而跨流域调水关系几大流域,通常对整个流域都有重大影响,所以与同流域生态补偿相比较,其生态补偿的补偿和受偿主体也有特殊性,必要时要将流域管理机构也列入受偿主体；同时,由于跨流域调水通常都有调水工程相佐,所以为水量的控制和计算提供了技术条件,因此其生态补偿中的补偿标准也应该更加科学合理。鉴于这些特殊性,本人认为很有必要将跨流域调水生态补偿进行专门分析和系统研究。目前我国对于水资源开发利用相关的生态补偿立法,还很不完善,鉴于现实的需求和完善我国法律制度的必要,制定和完善我国的流域生态补偿法律制度已成大势所趋。而针对跨流域调水生态补偿的立法,应作为流域生态补偿的一个重要部分,加以单独规定。针对跨流域调水的特点,其生态补偿立法要特别坚持政府主导、科学合理和公众参与原则,综合运用水权交易等市场手段和财政转移支付、生态补偿基金、税费等国家手段,对跨流域调水的生态利益受损区进行科学合理的补偿。与流域生态补偿相较,跨流域调水生态补偿还要进行一些特殊的制度安排,尤其是要明确跨流域调水生态补偿的监管主体、确定国家在跨流域调水生态补偿中作为补偿主体的地位和责任、安排流域管理单位获得适当的补偿资金等。应当通过对跨流域调水生态补偿的特别规定,帮助我国制定完善的流域生态补偿法律制度,并为我国跨流域调水的顺利进行和水资源的可持续利用提供必要的保障。
[Abstract]:In order to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in China, our government has built a large number of cross basin water diversion projects, such as the south to North Water Diversion Project. The cross basin water diversion is the state's rational allocation of water resources in the country, and it belongs to the state macro regulation and control behavior. The shortage of resources provides a guarantee for the living and production water in the water area and ensures the economic and social development of the water area. However, because of the water pollution prevention and ecological protection in the water resource allocation area, a large amount of cost is needed, and in order to protect the ecological environment of the water source area, the trans current water transfer area is often carried out for the industrial and agricultural development. Restrictions or even a certain degree of prohibition have led to a large restriction on the development of the local economy. When high quality water resources are enjoyed in the trans basin diversion area, if the economic and ecological input is not paid for it, the economic compensation should not be given to the adjustment area. The imbalance between water areas is not conducive to the effective realization of the expected goals of water diversion projects, but also to the common prosperity and harmonious development among different regions.
At home and abroad, scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research on the problem of ecological benefits allocation, and have reached a preliminary understanding of how to realize the balance of interests between the basins. That is, ecological compensation is a suitable solution, because the root source of the unfair distribution of ecological interests is the principle of economic externality and the public objects of water resources. In theory, there are two main ways to solve this problem, including the market and the government, and the ecological compensation is a comprehensive benefit coordination mechanism which combines the means of market trading and the macro-control of the government. At present, the scholars in China have a relatively perfect theoretical research on the problem of ecological compensation between the upper and lower reaches of the same basin. The practice of ecological compensation has been carried out in some places. However, the academic circle has not paid enough attention to the water diversion behavior between the large basins. The cross basin water diversion is the macro regulation and control behavior of the state, the government has a dominant position in the water diversion, so its ecological compensation needs the leading role of the government. Compared with the ecological compensation of the same basin, the compensation and the compensable subject of the ecological compensation are also special. When necessary, the basin management organization should be included as the subject of compensation. At the same time, the water diversion project is usually used in the cross basin water diversion, so it provides the technology for the control and calculation of the water quantity. As a result, the compensation standard in the ecological compensation should be more scientific and reasonable. In view of these particularity, I think it is necessary to make a special analysis and systematic study on the ecological compensation for water transfer in the river basin.
At present, the legislation of ecological compensation related to water resources development and utilization in our country is not perfect. In view of the need of reality and the necessity of perfecting our country's legal system, it has become a general trend to formulate and perfect the legal system of ecological compensation for the river basin in our country. According to the characteristics of the trans basin water diversion, the legislation of ecological compensation should be particularly adhered to the government leading, scientific and rational and public participation principles, the comprehensive use of market means such as water rights trading, financial transfer payment, ecological compensation fund, tax and fee and other national hand, to carry out scientific research on the damaged areas of ecological benefits for cross basin water diversion. Reasonable compensation. Compared with ecological compensation in the basin, there should be some special institutional arrangements for trans basin water ecological compensation. In particular, it is necessary to make clear the regulatory body of the ecological compensation for water diversion across the river basin, and determine the status and responsibility of the state as compensation subject in the ecological compensation for cross basin water diversion, and arrange the appropriate compensation for the management units of the river basin. Funds etc. should help our country to formulate a perfect legal system for watershed ecological compensation through special provisions on ecological compensation for cross basin water diversion, and provide the necessary guarantee for the smooth progress of the cross basin water diversion and the sustainable utilization of water resources in China.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.6

【引证文献】