环境污染共同侵权责任研究

发布时间：2018-06-07 14:06

本文选题：环境污染共同侵权责任 + 归责原则　；参考：《中国政法大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 随着工业化、城市化的发展,人们在追求经济效益的同时,不断向环境排放各种有毒有害物质,尤其是环境污染共同侵权行为所致的环境污染与生态破坏已成为突出问题,并且日趋严重,造成人民群众的人身和财产损失。由于环境污染共同侵权具有一定的特殊性,传统共同侵权行为理论不能适应其需要,为了保护受害人的合法权益,需要在传统共同侵权行为理论的基础上,对环境污染共同侵权行为作出理论分析。目前,虽然我国关于环境污染共同侵权民事责任的理论已有探讨,但是研究还不够深入、全面,相关的科研成果较少,因此,环境污染共同侵权民事责任的理论与立法实践仍需进一步健全与完善。本文共分四章。第一章通过对环境污染侵权的概念分析,指出环境污染共同侵权的概念和特征,以及环境污染共同侵权责任的概念和特征。第二章指出环境污染共同侵权责任应当坚持无过错责任原则;环境污染共同侵权责任必须具备五个方面的构成要件方可成立;为减轻被害人的举证责任,环境污染共同侵权责任适用因果关系推定理论,并且发展出盖然因果关系说、疫学因果关系理论、间接反证说等学说。第三章首先提出环境污染共同侵权责任的承担方式主要包括赔偿损失和排除危害两大类,其中排除危害又包括停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险三种具体方式。进而指出环境污染共同侵权责任人的责任分为外部责任和内部责任。对外应承担连带责任,对内共同侵权责任人之间应当按照原因力程度为主,兼顾利益衡量的原则来确定损害责任的内部分担。第四章分析了环境污染共同侵权责任立法存在的不足,提出了相应的完善建议:1.现行法律欠缺环境污染共同侵权责任的规定,应在民法典中对其单独作出规定。2.现行法律将“违法性”规定为环境污染共同侵权责任的构成要件,应当删去《民法通则》第124条“违反国家保护环境防治污染的规定”。3.现行法律欠缺因果关系推定的具体规定,应以立法和判例形式对其作出明确规定。4.现行法律对共同侵权责任中的“共同性”规定模糊,应将无意思联络的数人污染环境侵权纳入环境污染共同侵权责任当中。5.现行法律对排除侵害的规定过于简单,应增加规定“部分排除侵害”、“中间排除侵害”以及代替性赔偿制度。6.环境污染共同侵权损害的分担机制尚不健全,应当实行责任保险制度和企业环境污染赔偿基金制度。
[Abstract]:With the development of industrialization and urbanization, the environmental pollution and ecological destruction caused by the joint tort of environmental pollution have become a prominent problem, while people are pursuing economic benefits and constantly releasing various toxic and harmful substances to the environment, especially the joint tort of environmental pollution. And increasingly serious, causing people's personal and property losses. Due to the particularity of joint tort of environmental pollution, the traditional theory of joint tort can not meet its needs. In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the victims, it is necessary to base on the traditional theory of joint tort. This paper makes a theoretical analysis on the joint tort of environmental pollution. At present, although the theory of civil liability for joint tort of environmental pollution has been discussed in our country, the research is not deep enough, comprehensive, and the related scientific research results are relatively few. Therefore, The theory and legislative practice of environmental pollution joint tort civil liability still need to be further perfected and perfected. This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter analyzes the concept of environmental pollution tort, points out the concept and characteristics of environmental pollution joint tort, and the concept and characteristics of environmental pollution joint tort liability. The second chapter points out that environmental pollution joint tort liability should adhere to the principle of no-fault liability; environmental pollution joint tort liability must have five elements to be established; in order to reduce the burden of proof of victims, The theory of presumption of causality is applied to the joint tort liability of environmental pollution, and the theory of causality, the theory of epidemic causality, the theory of indirect counter-proof and so on have been developed. In the third chapter, the author points out that the common tort liability of environmental pollution mainly includes two types: compensation for loss and elimination of harm, in which the elimination of harm includes stopping the infringement, removing the obstruction and eliminating the danger. Furthermore, the author points out that the responsibility of environmental pollution joint tort is divided into external responsibility and internal responsibility. The joint and several liability should be borne outside, and the internal share of the damage liability should be determined between the persons responsible for joint tort at home and abroad according to the degree of causation and the principle of taking into account the interests. The fourth chapter analyzes the shortcomings of the legislation of joint tort liability for environmental pollution, and puts forward corresponding suggestions: 1. The current law lacks the provision of joint tort liability for environmental pollution, which should be stipulated separately in the Civil Code. The current law prescribes "illegality" as the constituent element of the joint tort liability of environmental pollution, and should delete Article 124 of "General principles of Civil Law" violating the regulations of the State on Environmental Protection and Prevention of pollution ".3. The current law lacks the concrete stipulation of presumption of causality, which should be clearly regulated by legislation and case law. The common nature of the joint tort liability is vague in the current law, and the pollution environmental tort of several people without interest should be included in the joint tort liability of environmental pollution. The current law is too simple to exclude infringement, and it should be added that "partial exclusion of infringement", "intermediate exclusion of infringement" and substitute compensation system .6. The sharing mechanism of environmental pollution joint tort damage is not perfect, so we should carry out liability insurance system and enterprise environmental pollution compensation fund system.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D922.68

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