可持续发展视野下中国小矿的法律规制
发布时间：2018-09-06 14:22
【摘要】：小矿是小型矿山的简称,包括小型矿山和小矿山(含零星个体采矿)。它因规模小、启动资金需求量小、技术要求低、收益快,因而在发展中国家普遍存在。小矿在充分利用矿产资源,为各国增收创汇,特别是在缓解贫困方面做出了积极的贡献,成为推动各国矿业、国民经济和社会发展不可或缺的部门。然而,小矿在发展过程中暴露出很多问题,如资源浪费、环境污染、安全事故频发,这是与可持续发展的理念和要求相背离的。这些问题日益受到国际社会的高度重视。我国的小矿由来已久,随着国家的改革开放和在“有水快流”政策的影响下,它(当时被称为乡镇矿山)异军突起,飞速发展,显示出前所未有的强大生命力。多年来,它为缓解我国矿产品供需矛盾,改善农村经济结构,促进乡镇企业和地方经济发展,帮助农民扩大就业门路、脱贫致富,推动小城镇建设发挥了重要作用。但与此同时,一系列的严重问题也相伴而来,各种小矿鱼龙混杂、开采技术落后、无序竞争、私挖乱采、破坏资源、污染环境、事故频发。这些问题不仅影响到国家正常的矿业秩序,也成为制约小矿自身可持续发展的瓶颈。 我国从20世纪90年代末开始对各类小矿,特别是对小煤矿进行大规模治理整顿,先后经历了“关井压产”和“资源整合”两个重要整顿阶段,开展了一系列与此相关的活动。前一阶段以治小、散、乱为主,后一阶段则侧重矿产资源规划布局的调整。经过十余年的整顿,小矿几度关停,到2005年我国各类矿山数目由1995年的28万余个减少到12万余个,小煤矿的数量也由7.6万个减少到2.5万个。按照国土资源部等12部门的联合部署,到2010年小煤矿要减到1万个左右,到2015年基本退出煤炭行业。随着国家的三令五申,小矿的绝对数目在有计划地减少,但被关停的小矿屡关屡开、死灰复燃的事件却频频曝光,由此引发的矿难亦不绝于耳。这些小矿为什么久关不闭?小矿主为什么置矿工的生命而不顾顶风作业?这背后真正的原因是什么?从中央到地方各级政府对小矿的规制为什么会失灵?失灵的症结又在哪里?资源整合是否简单地等同于关闭小矿?这一连串的问题是我国当前资源整合过程中亟待解决的重大现实问题,它们不仅关系到我国整顿矿业秩序的成败,而且事关小矿及其矿区的可持续发展乃至全社会的稳定。本文就这些问题从法律规制角度展开研究,以期为我国对矿产资源开发活动进行理性的、规范化的整合提供法律依据,也为合法小矿的可持续发展寻求一条依法开采、依法治矿的有效途径。 国外对小矿法律规制的研究已有30多年的历史,成果较多。而国内同类研究则断断续续、比较分散。其中深究小矿的负面影响,探讨如何关闭、取缔小矿的成果不在少数,而客观地评价小矿,研究如何规范、促进其发展的成果却屈指可数。本文以可持续发展为视角,试图从法律角度分析我国现阶段在小矿规制方面存在的问题与症结,探讨我国小矿存在和发展的规律性与必要性,然后通过对国外小矿法律规制的考察与比较,廓清小矿法律规制的内在特征,在此基础上提出构建和完善我国小矿法律规制体系的建议。 论文除导论和结论外共分六章: 第一章从“小矿”的概念界定入手,介绍与评价国内外现存的关于“小矿”的各种概念,并对与“小矿”相关的几个概念——小小矿/手工小矿、非正规矿、(中)小企业进行辨析,之后,给出了本文对“小矿”下的定义:“小矿是以谋生或营利为目的,采用简单的或基本的采掘设备与技术,在有限的矿藏范围内从事某种矿产品采选活动的小规模、劳动密集型的矿山企业。其中包括开采规模达到国家规定的小型矿山标准的小型矿山企业和开采规模在小型矿山上限1/10以下的小矿山企业(含零星个体采矿)。小矿是采矿业最基本的构成部门。”该定义厘清了小矿的概念及其法律含义,为解决小矿问题提供了准确的切入点。 第二章探讨国内外小矿的地位和作用以及存在的主要问题。无论国际还是国内小矿在各国国民经济中都占有非常重要的位置,是为国家增收创汇、缓解贫困、推动地方经济发展的一支生力军。但它存在的问题亦十分突出。虽然国内外略有差异,但无序开采、浪费资源、破坏环境、安全事故频发等一系列的问题是小矿共同存在的问题。究其原因,本文认为,一方面,除资源禀赋条件外,小矿的存在源于贫穷,低投入、粗放型运作又使其回归到贫穷原点,以致小矿不得不在恶性循环中重演着“公地悲剧”。而另一方面,政府不公允的政策与制度缺陷在很大程度上进一步加剧了小矿问题的严重性。鉴于此,本文提出,小矿问题的解决不能简单地运用矿业知识、环保或安全标准进行“一刀切”式的“关闭”或“取缔”,而应当从可持续发展的战略高度出发,把环境问题、安全问题与社会经济问题结合起来考虑,统筹兼顾,从而使小矿问题得以根治。 第三章在可持续发展的大背景下探讨小矿法律规制的理论支点与依据以及小矿可持续发展的实现形式。可持续发展思想的人本理念强调,要把满足贫困和弱势群体的基本需要放在优先地位。我国基于国情、又从世界可持续发展思想中孕育而生的科学发展观也同样强调以人为本、全面协调的可持续发展。本文认为,可持续发展的首要目标应当是在尽可能保护环境和资源的条件下,优先消除贫困,最大限度地满足贫弱群体的基本需求。小矿虽然问题很多,但作为一种有效的减贫载体,它自身需要实现可持续发展,同时,它又是促进整个矿业以及社会经济可持续发展的重要组成部分。所以,政府规制小矿的目的就是要以社会福利最大化为目标,根据国家有关的矿业政策、法律、法规与法律制度,对小矿的准入、生产经营活动、税收、环境管理、安全健康及劳动用工等状况进行干预与监管,帮助小矿除弊兴利,实现对矿产资源的永续利用、矿区环境的可持续发展和矿区生活的永久保障。 第四章对我国小矿法律规制的历程、特征和存在的问题进行概述和分析。总体上,我国在小矿法律规制上政策弹性大,稳定性差,鼓励、扶持不足,限制、责备有余;立法分散庞杂,法律层次低,权宜性明显;管理体制复杂、多变,权限模糊,缺乏协调;监管手段单一、效率低下。本文认为,这些缺陷和不足与我国在矿业政策上长期以大矿利益为重,忽视小矿的地位和作用关系密切,这也是导致我国小矿发展过快、过滥,开发无序,环境破坏严重,安全事故多发,屡禁不止的一个重要原因,十分有必要尽快完善小矿立法,改革小矿管理体制。 第五章考察国外小矿法律规制的过程与特点,总结出国外小矿法律制度的基本原则与逐步形成的法律制度以及小矿管理制度的发展趋势,结合哥伦比亚规制小煤矿的个案研究,归纳出国外小矿规制实践对我国的启示。本文认为,国外小矿法律规制有很多宝贵经验值得我国借鉴,其中两点尤为重要:一是在政策上充分肯定小矿在促进国家经济发展与缓解贫困方面的重要作用,把小矿的发展战略融入到整个农村复兴和农民增收战略当中。二是在立法中明确小矿的法律地位,相应的法律制度与管理制度的设计以促进小矿发展为本,把规范与促进发展有机结合起来。 第六章首先对我国小矿问题进行深度剖析,继而对小矿的存废问题进行理性探讨。本文认为,在很大程度上国家长期“重大矿、轻小矿,重封堵、轻疏导,重经济、轻社会”的政策导向和管理手段是导致我国小矿问题久而不绝、治而低效的重要原因之一。我国仍处于社会主义初级阶段,“三农”问题十分突出,而我国矿产资源又以小型矿床居多,这种国情、民情、矿情决定了我国在现阶段留存少量合法小矿的必要性。基于以上认识,本文认为,完善我国小矿法律规制的路径应当是:在可持续发展观和科学发展观的指导下,政策先行,正确评价小矿的地位和作用;完善立法,优先制定小矿专门法律;设立独立、权威的小矿专门管理机构,转变管理理念,实现以人为本的多元服务型管理模式;充分发挥社会力量,挖掘外部资源,扩大国际合作,形成共管共促格局,全方位推进小矿的可持续发展。 本文的创新点主要包括:1)从法律规制角度对我国的小矿问题进行了较为全面的梳理与分析,填补了我国在这一领域研究的空白。2)立足于可持续发展观,提出我国小矿的法律规制应当注重环境效益和经济、社会效益的协调发展,应当把规制小矿与减贫战略与建设我国社会主义新农村战略结合起来。从这个战略高度出发,规制就不再是资源整合的目的,而成为促进小矿健康、有序发展的手段。这一观点的提出对于避免我国目前为整顿而整顿、不计后果地对所有小矿实行关闭的“一刀切”做法,实行统筹规划、疏堵结合有着重要的现实意义。3)对我国的小矿进行了现实且较为科学的概念界定与法律含义分析,为依法规制小矿提供了法律依据。4)基于我国在今后较长一段时间内小矿还有必要继续存在的客观现实,建议修订我国现有的《矿产资源法》,在其中设小矿专章,并对小矿的立法指导思想、立法原则与法律制度提出了完善建议。这些立法建议将有助于充实与丰富我国小矿法律规制理论的内容。5)本文提出设立独立、权威的国家小矿管理机构,并根据我国行政区划特点设立直属于中央的地方小矿管理机构,为小矿提供一站式服务与实施统一监管。6)本文提出政府应当加大对涉及小矿的行业协会或社团的鼓励与扶持力度,充分挖掘外部资源,促进全社会参与规范小矿的行动,从而降低政府监管成本,提高监管效率。
[Abstract]:Small mines are the abbreviation of small mines, including small mines and small mines (including sporadic individual mining). They are ubiquitous in developing countries because of their small scale, small start-up capital requirements, low technical requirements and fast returns. Small mines have made positive contributions to making full use of mineral resources, increasing national income and earning foreign exchange, especially in alleviating poverty. However, the development of small mines has exposed many problems, such as waste of resources, environmental pollution, frequent safety incidents, which are deviated from the concept and requirements of sustainable development. These problems are increasingly valued by the international community. For a long time, with the reform and opening up of the country and the influence of the policy of "rapid flow of water", it (then known as township mines) emerged and developed rapidly, showing unprecedented vitality. For many years, it has relieved the contradiction between supply and demand of mineral products, improved the rural economic structure, promoted the development of township enterprises and local economy, and helped. But at the same time, a series of serious problems are accompanied by a variety of small mines, backward mining technology, disorderly competition, private mining, destruction of resources, pollution of the environment, and frequent accidents. Order has also become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of small mines.
Since the end of the 1990s, China has carried out large-scale rectification of all kinds of small mines, especially small coal mines. It has gone through two important rectification stages: shutting down the wells and killing production, and integrating resources, and has carried out a series of related activities. After more than ten years of reorganization, the number of small mines has been shut down several times. By 2005, the number of all kinds of mines in China has been reduced from 280,000 in 1995 to more than 120,000, and the number of small mines has also been reduced from 76,000 to 25,000. According to the joint deployment of the Ministry of Land and Resources and other 12 departments, the number of small mines will be reduced to about 10,000 by 2010, and basically withdrawn by 2015. Coal industry. With the state's three orders, the absolute number of small mines in a planned reduction, but the shut-down of small mines repeatedly open, the resurgence of ashes is frequently exposed, resulting in mine accidents are endless ears. Why are these small mines closed for a long time? Why do small miners buy the lives of miners regardless of the top wind operation? This is really behind the scenes? What are the reasons? Why does the regulation of small mines fail? What is the crux of the failure? Is the integration of resources simply equivalent to the closure of small mines? These series of problems are the major practical problems that need to be solved urgently in the process of resource integration in China. They are not only related to the rectification of mining order in China. This paper studies these problems from the angle of legal regulation in order to provide legal basis for rational and standardized integration of mineral resources development activities in China, and to seek a legal mining for the sustainable development of legal small mines. Effective way of ruling by law.
The research on the legal regulation of small mines abroad has a history of more than 30 years, with many achievements. However, the same kind of research in China is intermittent and scattered. From the perspective of sustainable development, this paper attempts to analyze the problems and cruxes in the regulation of small mines in China at present from the legal point of view, to explore the regularity and necessity of the existence and development of small mines in China, and then to clarify the inherent characteristics of the legal regulation of small mines through the investigation and comparison of the legal regulation of small mines abroad, and on this basis to put forward the structure Suggestions for building and perfecting the legal regulation system of small mines in China.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the thesis is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter begins with the definition of "small mine", introduces and evaluates various existing concepts of "small mine" at home and abroad, and discriminates several concepts related to "small mine": small mine/handicraft small mine, irregular mine, (medium) small enterprise. After that, the definition of "small mine" is given in this paper: "small mine is to make a living or small mine" For profit-making purposes, small-scale, labor-intensive mining enterprises engaged in the mining and dressing of certain mineral products within a limited range of mineral deposits using simple or basic mining equipment and technology. These include small-scale mining enterprises whose mining scale meets the national standards for small mines and mining scale is less than 1/10 of the upper limit for small mines. The definition clarifies the concept of small mines and their legal implications, and provides an accurate entry point for solving the problem of small mines.
The second chapter discusses the status and role of small mines both at home and abroad as well as the main problems that exist. Both international and domestic small mines occupy a very important position in the national economy. They are a new force for increasing national income and earning foreign exchange, alleviating poverty and promoting local economic development. There are differences, but a series of problems, such as disorderly mining, waste of resources, destruction of the environment, frequent safety accidents and so on, are common problems of small mines. On the other hand, the government's unfair policies and institutional defects further aggravate the seriousness of the small mine problem. In view of this, this paper proposes that the solution of the small mine problem can not simply use mining knowledge, environmental protection or safety standards for "one-size-fits-all" closure or "one-size-fits-all" closure. Instead, we should proceed from the strategic height of sustainable development, combine environmental issues, security issues with socio-economic issues, and give overall consideration so as to eradicate the problem of small mines.
The third chapter discusses the theoretical fulcrum and basis of the legal regulation of small mines and the realization form of the sustainable development of small mines in the context of sustainable development. The scientific outlook on development also emphasizes people-oriented and comprehensive and coordinated sustainable development. This paper holds that the primary objective of sustainable development should be to give priority to poverty eradication and meet the basic needs of the poor and vulnerable groups to the maximum extent under the conditions of protecting the environment and resources as much as possible. Effective poverty alleviation carriers need to achieve sustainable development by themselves, and at the same time, it is an important part of promoting the sustainable development of the whole mining industry and social economy. To intervene and supervise the entry, production and operation activities, taxation, environmental management, safety and health, labor and other conditions, to help small mines eliminate the disadvantages and promote the benefits, to realize the sustainable use of mineral resources, the sustainable development of mining environment and the permanent guarantee of mining life.
The fourth chapter summarizes and analyzes the process, characteristics and existing problems of the legal regulation of small mines in China.Generally speaking, the policy flexibility is large, the stability is poor, the encouragement is insufficient, the support is insufficient, the restriction is superfluous, the blame is superfluous; the legislation is scattered and complicated, the legal level is low, the expediency is obvious; the management system is complex, changeable, the authority is vague, the lack of. This paper argues that these shortcomings and deficiencies are closely related to China's long-term policy of mining, which emphasizes the interests of large mines and neglects the status and role of small mines. This is also an important reason for the rapid development of small mines in China, excessive, disorderly development, serious environmental damage, frequent safety incidents and repeated prohibitions. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the legislation of small mines as soon as possible and reform the management system of small mines.
The fifth chapter investigates the process and characteristics of the legal regulation of small mines in foreign countries, summarizes the basic principles of the legal system of small mines in foreign countries, the gradually formed legal system and the development trend of the management system of small mines. Combining with the case study of Colombia regulating small mines, the paper summarizes the Enlightenment of the regulation practice of small mines in foreign countries to China. There are a lot of valuable experience in the legal regulation of mining, two of which are particularly important. First, fully affirm the important role of small mines in promoting national economic development and alleviating poverty, and integrate the development strategy of small mines into the strategy of rural rejuvenation and peasants'income. Second, make clear the law of small mines in legislation. The position, the corresponding legal system and the management system are designed to promote the development of small mines as the basis, and combine the norms with the promotion of development.
Chapter 6 firstly makes a deep analysis of the problems of small mines in China, and then makes a rational discussion on the problems of the storage and waste of small mines. One of the important reasons is that our country is still in the primary stage of socialism and the problem of "agriculture, countryside and farmers" is very prominent, while the mineral resources in our country are mostly small-scale deposits. This kind of national conditions, people's conditions and mineral conditions determine the necessity of retaining a small amount of legal small mines in our country at this stage. It should be: under the guidance of sustainable development concept and scientific development concept, the policy should go ahead, correctly evaluate the status and role of small mines; improve legislation, give priority to the formulation of special laws for small mines; set up independent and authoritative special management institutions for small mines, change management concepts, realize people-oriented multi-service management model; give full play to social forces, dig Excavating external resources, expanding international cooperation, forming a co management and co promoting pattern, and promoting the sustainable development of small mines in all directions.
The main innovations of this paper include: 1) from the perspective of legal regulation, a more comprehensive analysis of China's small mining problems, filling the gaps in this field of research in China. 2) Based on the concept of sustainable development, the legal regulation of China's small mines should pay attention to the coordinated development of environmental and economic, social benefits. From this strategic point of view, regulation is no longer the purpose of resource integration, but a means to promote the healthy and orderly development of small mines. The practice of "one-size-fits-all" closure, the implementation of overall planning and the combination of dredging and blocking has important practical significance. 3) A realistic and more scientific concept definition and legal meaning analysis of small mines in China have been carried out, providing a legal basis for regulating small mines according to law. 4) Small mines in China need to continue to exist for a long time to come. In view of the objective reality, it is suggested to amend the existing Mineral Resources Law of China and set up a special chapter on small mines, and put forward suggestions on the legislative guiding ideology, legislative principles and legal system of small mines. According to the characteristics of China's administrative divisions, local small mines management organizations directly under the central government should be set up to provide one-stop service for small mines and implement unified supervision.
【学位授予单位】：中国人民大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D922.62;F426.1
本文编号：2226622
[Abstract]:Small mines are the abbreviation of small mines, including small mines and small mines (including sporadic individual mining). They are ubiquitous in developing countries because of their small scale, small start-up capital requirements, low technical requirements and fast returns. Small mines have made positive contributions to making full use of mineral resources, increasing national income and earning foreign exchange, especially in alleviating poverty. However, the development of small mines has exposed many problems, such as waste of resources, environmental pollution, frequent safety incidents, which are deviated from the concept and requirements of sustainable development. These problems are increasingly valued by the international community. For a long time, with the reform and opening up of the country and the influence of the policy of "rapid flow of water", it (then known as township mines) emerged and developed rapidly, showing unprecedented vitality. For many years, it has relieved the contradiction between supply and demand of mineral products, improved the rural economic structure, promoted the development of township enterprises and local economy, and helped. But at the same time, a series of serious problems are accompanied by a variety of small mines, backward mining technology, disorderly competition, private mining, destruction of resources, pollution of the environment, and frequent accidents. Order has also become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of small mines.
Since the end of the 1990s, China has carried out large-scale rectification of all kinds of small mines, especially small coal mines. It has gone through two important rectification stages: shutting down the wells and killing production, and integrating resources, and has carried out a series of related activities. After more than ten years of reorganization, the number of small mines has been shut down several times. By 2005, the number of all kinds of mines in China has been reduced from 280,000 in 1995 to more than 120,000, and the number of small mines has also been reduced from 76,000 to 25,000. According to the joint deployment of the Ministry of Land and Resources and other 12 departments, the number of small mines will be reduced to about 10,000 by 2010, and basically withdrawn by 2015. Coal industry. With the state's three orders, the absolute number of small mines in a planned reduction, but the shut-down of small mines repeatedly open, the resurgence of ashes is frequently exposed, resulting in mine accidents are endless ears. Why are these small mines closed for a long time? Why do small miners buy the lives of miners regardless of the top wind operation? This is really behind the scenes? What are the reasons? Why does the regulation of small mines fail? What is the crux of the failure? Is the integration of resources simply equivalent to the closure of small mines? These series of problems are the major practical problems that need to be solved urgently in the process of resource integration in China. They are not only related to the rectification of mining order in China. This paper studies these problems from the angle of legal regulation in order to provide legal basis for rational and standardized integration of mineral resources development activities in China, and to seek a legal mining for the sustainable development of legal small mines. Effective way of ruling by law.
The research on the legal regulation of small mines abroad has a history of more than 30 years, with many achievements. However, the same kind of research in China is intermittent and scattered. From the perspective of sustainable development, this paper attempts to analyze the problems and cruxes in the regulation of small mines in China at present from the legal point of view, to explore the regularity and necessity of the existence and development of small mines in China, and then to clarify the inherent characteristics of the legal regulation of small mines through the investigation and comparison of the legal regulation of small mines abroad, and on this basis to put forward the structure Suggestions for building and perfecting the legal regulation system of small mines in China.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the thesis is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter begins with the definition of "small mine", introduces and evaluates various existing concepts of "small mine" at home and abroad, and discriminates several concepts related to "small mine": small mine/handicraft small mine, irregular mine, (medium) small enterprise. After that, the definition of "small mine" is given in this paper: "small mine is to make a living or small mine" For profit-making purposes, small-scale, labor-intensive mining enterprises engaged in the mining and dressing of certain mineral products within a limited range of mineral deposits using simple or basic mining equipment and technology. These include small-scale mining enterprises whose mining scale meets the national standards for small mines and mining scale is less than 1/10 of the upper limit for small mines. The definition clarifies the concept of small mines and their legal implications, and provides an accurate entry point for solving the problem of small mines.
The second chapter discusses the status and role of small mines both at home and abroad as well as the main problems that exist. Both international and domestic small mines occupy a very important position in the national economy. They are a new force for increasing national income and earning foreign exchange, alleviating poverty and promoting local economic development. There are differences, but a series of problems, such as disorderly mining, waste of resources, destruction of the environment, frequent safety accidents and so on, are common problems of small mines. On the other hand, the government's unfair policies and institutional defects further aggravate the seriousness of the small mine problem. In view of this, this paper proposes that the solution of the small mine problem can not simply use mining knowledge, environmental protection or safety standards for "one-size-fits-all" closure or "one-size-fits-all" closure. Instead, we should proceed from the strategic height of sustainable development, combine environmental issues, security issues with socio-economic issues, and give overall consideration so as to eradicate the problem of small mines.
The third chapter discusses the theoretical fulcrum and basis of the legal regulation of small mines and the realization form of the sustainable development of small mines in the context of sustainable development. The scientific outlook on development also emphasizes people-oriented and comprehensive and coordinated sustainable development. This paper holds that the primary objective of sustainable development should be to give priority to poverty eradication and meet the basic needs of the poor and vulnerable groups to the maximum extent under the conditions of protecting the environment and resources as much as possible. Effective poverty alleviation carriers need to achieve sustainable development by themselves, and at the same time, it is an important part of promoting the sustainable development of the whole mining industry and social economy. To intervene and supervise the entry, production and operation activities, taxation, environmental management, safety and health, labor and other conditions, to help small mines eliminate the disadvantages and promote the benefits, to realize the sustainable use of mineral resources, the sustainable development of mining environment and the permanent guarantee of mining life.
The fourth chapter summarizes and analyzes the process, characteristics and existing problems of the legal regulation of small mines in China.Generally speaking, the policy flexibility is large, the stability is poor, the encouragement is insufficient, the support is insufficient, the restriction is superfluous, the blame is superfluous; the legislation is scattered and complicated, the legal level is low, the expediency is obvious; the management system is complex, changeable, the authority is vague, the lack of. This paper argues that these shortcomings and deficiencies are closely related to China's long-term policy of mining, which emphasizes the interests of large mines and neglects the status and role of small mines. This is also an important reason for the rapid development of small mines in China, excessive, disorderly development, serious environmental damage, frequent safety incidents and repeated prohibitions. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the legislation of small mines as soon as possible and reform the management system of small mines.
The fifth chapter investigates the process and characteristics of the legal regulation of small mines in foreign countries, summarizes the basic principles of the legal system of small mines in foreign countries, the gradually formed legal system and the development trend of the management system of small mines. Combining with the case study of Colombia regulating small mines, the paper summarizes the Enlightenment of the regulation practice of small mines in foreign countries to China. There are a lot of valuable experience in the legal regulation of mining, two of which are particularly important. First, fully affirm the important role of small mines in promoting national economic development and alleviating poverty, and integrate the development strategy of small mines into the strategy of rural rejuvenation and peasants'income. Second, make clear the law of small mines in legislation. The position, the corresponding legal system and the management system are designed to promote the development of small mines as the basis, and combine the norms with the promotion of development.
Chapter 6 firstly makes a deep analysis of the problems of small mines in China, and then makes a rational discussion on the problems of the storage and waste of small mines. One of the important reasons is that our country is still in the primary stage of socialism and the problem of "agriculture, countryside and farmers" is very prominent, while the mineral resources in our country are mostly small-scale deposits. This kind of national conditions, people's conditions and mineral conditions determine the necessity of retaining a small amount of legal small mines in our country at this stage. It should be: under the guidance of sustainable development concept and scientific development concept, the policy should go ahead, correctly evaluate the status and role of small mines; improve legislation, give priority to the formulation of special laws for small mines; set up independent and authoritative special management institutions for small mines, change management concepts, realize people-oriented multi-service management model; give full play to social forces, dig Excavating external resources, expanding international cooperation, forming a co management and co promoting pattern, and promoting the sustainable development of small mines in all directions.
The main innovations of this paper include: 1) from the perspective of legal regulation, a more comprehensive analysis of China's small mining problems, filling the gaps in this field of research in China. 2) Based on the concept of sustainable development, the legal regulation of China's small mines should pay attention to the coordinated development of environmental and economic, social benefits. From this strategic point of view, regulation is no longer the purpose of resource integration, but a means to promote the healthy and orderly development of small mines. The practice of "one-size-fits-all" closure, the implementation of overall planning and the combination of dredging and blocking has important practical significance. 3) A realistic and more scientific concept definition and legal meaning analysis of small mines in China have been carried out, providing a legal basis for regulating small mines according to law. 4) Small mines in China need to continue to exist for a long time to come. In view of the objective reality, it is suggested to amend the existing Mineral Resources Law of China and set up a special chapter on small mines, and put forward suggestions on the legislative guiding ideology, legislative principles and legal system of small mines. According to the characteristics of China's administrative divisions, local small mines management organizations directly under the central government should be set up to provide one-stop service for small mines and implement unified supervision.
【学位授予单位】：中国人民大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D922.62;F426.1
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