再论限塑令—环境外部性法律规制的失衡及对策

发布时间：2018-10-10 14:08

【摘要】：颁布于2007年12月31日的《关于限制生产销售使用塑料购物袋的通知》(简称为“限塑令”)已实施两年有余。从经济分析法学角度看,使用塑料购物袋所导致的环境污染本质上是一种典型的负外部性问题,而“限塑令”是政府通过行政强制手段对此种环境负外部性的规制。虽然诸多调研数据显示“限塑令”取得了一定效果,但其实施还存在着很多的问题,甚至会引发新的环境负外部性问题。本文运用经济分析法学和实证分析法学的研究进路,通过历史文献和比较方法,以“环境外部性”为理论工具,以实地调研数据和“限塑令”实施效果为实证基础,从理论和实际两方面对“限塑令”、环境外部性理论和政府法律规制失衡所导致的环境外部性影响进行分析,提出完善“限塑令”的对策,并强调应该综合运用法律规制手段平衡解决环境问题。论文共分五个部分：第一部分是对“限塑令”相关内容的解析。首先对《关于限制生产销售使用塑料购物袋的通知》(简称为“限塑令”)、《商品零售场所塑料购物袋有偿使用管理办法》及后续出台的相关几个国家标准给予了法律上的定位；然后对限塑令进行解构,从生态技术、产业经济、制度构建、行政执法及消费观念等角度分析了“限塑令”相关内容的可行性。第二部分是“限塑令”实施的效果和影响。论文对部分超市和农贸批发市场“限塑令”实施前后塑料购物袋消耗情况进行了实地调研和分析。在此基础上,从政府、生产者、商家、消费者四个层面对“限塑令”实际的实施效果和影响进行了评价。第三部分是对“限塑令”环境外部性法律规制失衡原因的深层分析。依托外部性理论,论文阐述了外部性的涵义、环境外部性的产生原因及解决环境负外部性问题的对策,描述了当前“限塑令”外部性的诸多表现,并深入剖析了其成因。第四部分是对世界各国的主要“限塑”模式的介绍及简要评价。当今世界各国“限塑”模式主要有禁止或限制使用、征收税费调控、回收再利用和使用环保产品替代等四种模式。通过对各种模式的评价旨在给我国“限塑令”的完善提供借鉴。第五部分提出了完善我国“限塑令”法律规制手段的一些主要对策。包括法律规制手段的多样化；约束与激励机制的并行,环保责任的合理分担；完整产业链的构建,“法益”冲突的综合平衡等等。论文的结语部分,从展望的角度,对未来“限塑”相关的法律规制体系构建作了一番设想,对本课题有待进一步研究的问题进行了补充说明。总之,沐课题的研究初衷在于如何运用环境外部性的理论对诸如“限塑令”等环境外部性法律规制手段进行分析,从而促进我国环境外部性规制手段的进步,为我国环境外部性内化的对策提供有价值的建议。
[Abstract]:The notice on limiting the use of plastic Shopping bags, issued on December 31, 2007, has been in force for more than two years. From the point of view of economic analysis law, the environmental pollution caused by the use of plastic shopping bags is essentially a typical negative externality problem. Although many research data show that "limited plastic order" has achieved certain results, there are still many problems in its implementation, which may even lead to new negative environmental externalities. This article uses the economic analysis law and the empirical analysis law research path, through the historical literature and the comparison method, takes "the environment externality" as the theoretical tool, takes the field investigation data and the "limited plastic order" the implementation effect as the demonstration foundation. This paper analyzes the influence of environmental externality caused by "limited plastic order", environmental externality theory and the imbalance of government legal regulation from both theoretical and practical aspects, and puts forward countermeasures to perfect "limited plastic order". It also emphasizes that the balance of legal regulation should be used to solve environmental problems. The thesis is divided into five parts: the first part is the analysis of the content of limited plastic order. First of all, the legal position is given to the notice on restricting the production and sales of plastic shopping bags (abbreviated as "plastic limiting order"), the "Management measures for the compensated use of plastic shopping bags in commodity retail places" and the relevant national standards issued in the future; Then it deconstructs the limited plastic order and analyzes the feasibility of the relevant contents from the aspects of ecological technology, industrial economy, system construction, administrative law enforcement and consumption concept. The second part is the effect and influence of the limited plastic order. This paper investigates and analyzes the consumption of plastic shopping bags in some supermarkets and wholesale markets. On this basis, this paper evaluates the actual effect and impact of "limited plastic order" from four aspects: government, producer, merchant and consumer. The third part is the deep analysis of the imbalance of environmental externalities. Based on the theory of externality, the paper expounds the meaning of externality, the causes of environmental externality and the countermeasures to solve the problem of negative externality of environment, describes many manifestations of the externality of "limited plastic order" at present, and deeply analyzes its causes. The fourth part is the introduction and brief evaluation of the main plastic-limited models in the world. Nowadays, there are four modes of "plastic restriction" in the world, such as banning or restricting use, levying taxes and fees, recycling and replacing environmental protection products. Through the evaluation of various models, this paper aims to provide reference for the perfection of "limited plastic order" in our country. In the fifth part, the author puts forward some main countermeasures to perfect the legal regulation means of "limited plastic order" in our country. It includes the diversification of legal regulation means, the parallel of restraint and incentive mechanism, the reasonable sharing of environmental protection responsibility, the construction of complete industrial chain, the comprehensive balance of "legal interest" conflict, and so on. The conclusion of the paper, from the perspective of the outlook, to the future "plastic limit" related to the construction of legal regulation system has made some assumptions, to this subject to be further research on the issue of supplementary explanation. In a word, the original intention of the study is how to use the theory of environmental externality to analyze the legal regulation means of environmental externality, such as "limited plastic order", so as to promote the progress of environmental externality regulation means in our country. To provide valuable suggestions for the internalization of environmental externalities in China.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.68

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