环境污染隐性侵权的立法评价与思考

发布时间：2018-10-25 12:14

【摘要】：随着全球化趋势的加强、科技的不断发展和人类日趋扩张的生态影响,新的环境问题不断出现,生态失去平衡、自然灾害频繁发生、环境污染病流行,由此引发的环境污染侵权案不断发生,这些都引起了人们的广泛关注和警觉。根据传统民法学观点,损害事实的客观存在是侵权损害赔偿法律关系赖以发生的根据,是构成侵权行为的前提和必要条件。普通侵权行为造成的损害,往往是该行为直接作用于人身或财产而导致的损害,其过程直接、事实明了、简单,而污染环境的行为造成他人损害的过程却要复杂的多。这一过程可以概括为：污染源产生有害污染物→排放有害污染物→有害污染物进入媒介(如空气、水、土壤等)→进入受害人领域→造成损害。从上述过程可以看出,环境污染造成的损害事实并非通过污染物质直接作用于人身或财产就完成的,而是经过了一系列复杂的流程,具有持久性、潜伏性。虽然认定有一定的困难,但最终损害仍然是客观存在的。笔者在此提出的问题是：当污染源产生有害污染物直至进入受害人领域,破坏了受害人所处的环境,但尚未造成受害人人身和财产损害时,也就是说,损害呈现为隐性状态时,致害人应否承担相应的法律责任呢? 笔者就此提出了环境污染隐性侵权概念,指出了其表现形式与主要特征,并阐释了目前所处的司法现状,指出其面临着立法不足、司法障碍等问题,其中的被侵害人往往得不到应有的法律保障,从而也相应纵容了环境违法和犯罪的发生,导致环境问题的持续恶化。本着公平、正义的法律原则,并从可持续发展的角度出发,笔者认为应将其纳入司法保障的范畴,并就此提出了立法上的思考,从环境污染隐性侵权民事责任的构成要件、刑事责任的追究、相关司法救济等三个方面展开研究。由于环境污染隐性侵权涉及到民法、刑法、环境法等诸多问题,是民法与环境法、刑法与环境法新兴交叉领域,是一个相当系统的法律问题,不是能够靠修改一部法律、增加一些法律条文就可以解决的。因此,笔者希望能通过提出一种思路,引起大家的共同关注,抛砖引玉,集合大家之力,共同完善该领域的司法体系。
[Abstract]:With the increasing trend of globalization, the continuous development of science and technology and the expanding ecological impact of human beings, new environmental problems appear constantly, ecological imbalance occurs frequently, natural disasters occur frequently, and environmental pollution diseases are prevalent. As a result, environmental pollution infringement cases continue to occur, which have aroused widespread concern and vigilance. According to the traditional view of civil law, the objective existence of the fact of damage is the basis on which the legal relationship of tort damages is based, and is the prerequisite and necessary condition for constituting the tort act. The damage caused by the ordinary tort is often caused by the act directly acting on the person or property. The process is direct, the fact is clear and simple, while the process of polluting the environment causing damage to others is much more complicated. This process can be summarized as follows: pollution sources produce harmful pollutants and release harmful pollutants into the media (such as air, water, soil, etc.). It can be seen from the above process that the fact of damage caused by environmental pollution is not accomplished by the direct action of the polluted substance on the person or property, but through a series of complex processes, which are persistent and latent. Although there are certain difficulties, but the ultimate damage is still objective. The problems raised by the author here are: when the source of pollution produces harmful pollutants until it enters the field of the victim, which destroys the environment of the victim, but has not caused the damage to the victim's person and property, that is, when the damage appears to be a recessive state, Should the perpetrator bear the corresponding legal responsibility? In this paper, the author puts forward the concept of recessive tort of environmental pollution, points out its forms and main features, explains the current judicial situation, points out that it faces some problems, such as insufficient legislation, judicial obstacles, and so on. The victims often can not get due legal protection, thus conniving the occurrence of environmental law and crime, leading to the continued deterioration of environmental problems. Based on the legal principle of fairness and justice, and from the angle of sustainable development, the author thinks that it should be brought into the scope of judicial protection, and puts forward the legislative thinking, and from the environmental pollution recessive tort civil liability constituent elements, The investigation of criminal responsibility, the related judicial relief and other three aspects of research. Because the recessive infringement of environmental pollution involves many problems, such as civil law, criminal law, environmental law and so on, it is a relatively systematic legal problem in the emerging intersecting fields of civil law and environmental law, and it is not possible to amend a law. The addition of a few legal provisions can be resolved. Therefore, the author hopes to put forward a way of thinking, cause the common concern of everyone, draw the attention of everyone, gather the strength of everyone, and improve the judicial system in this field together.
【学位授予单位】：湖南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.68

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