我国自然资源损害赔偿问题研究

发布时间：2018-11-12 12:52

【摘要】： 社会工业化、现代化的进程中,自然资源损害事件不断发生。我国现行的环境侵权民事责任制度主要针对环境污染导致直接受害人的人身和财产损害规定了民事责任,缺乏对受损害的自然资源的救济规定。鉴于此,本文尝试从现实案例出发,结合有关统计数据,对构建自然资源损害赔偿制度进行必要性、可行性分析,并对我国自然资源损害赔偿制度的建立提出一些思路,希望能够抛砖引玉。全文主体共分为四章。 第一章通过考察典型自然资源损害案件,对自然资源损害概念的内涵和外延进行阐释。在总结了自然资源损害及其处理出现的新情况的基础上,结合自然资源的性质和特点,将自然资源损害界定为人类生存和发展所依赖的自然条件和自然要素发生了性状的不良变化、价值的不合理减损和自身功能的衰退。自然资源损害行为的表现形式主要是环境污染和生态破坏。 第二章对构建自然资源损害赔偿制度进行必要性分析。首先,自然资源损害的现实情况和特点决定了自然资源损害赔偿的原则和范围具有特殊性。其次,阐述我国自然资源损害赔偿机制的现状。现有自然资源与环境保护法律的立法基于传统侵权行为法的理念,注重对环境污染导致直接受害人的人身、财产权益的保护,忽视了对受损害的自然资源的保护。再次,剖析我国现有法律对自然资源损害处理途径的缺陷。通过对现行环境侵权民事责任制度和行政、司法处理模式解决自然资源损害实践的分析,说明依据现有法律制度和处理机制无法对自然资源损害给予有效赔偿。最后,从法哲学的角度出发,阐明对作为社会公共利益组成部分的自然资源需要建立相关保障制度,救济其可能遭受的现实损害。 第三章对构建自然资源损害赔偿制度进行可行性分析。从理论依据层面观察,自然资源损害符合特殊侵权责任的构成要件,本质上是一种特殊的侵权行为。因此,对于自然资源损害,作为受害人的国家可以民事主体的身份要求危害自然资源的自然人、法人或者其他组织承担损害赔偿的民事责任,运用私法方法保护公共利益。从制度基础层面观察,我国《民法通则》、《侵权责任法》规定的损害赔偿的民事责任承担方式,对自然资源损害可以充分发挥填补损害的救济作用;我国《宪法》、《海洋环境保护法》等法律和司法审判中的典型案例对我国自然资源损害赔偿制度的构建提供了有益的制度和实践基础;比较、分析国外有关自然资源损害赔偿的制度,学习、借鉴其合理的制度安排,对于我国自然资源损害赔偿制度的建构有启发、参考作用。 第四章在前文分析、论证的基础上,以特殊侵权损害赔偿之债为理论依据,以现行法律为制度基础,借鉴国外立法中比较成熟的思想,提出我国自然资源损害赔偿制度构建的初步思路:确定损害赔偿的主体;明确归责原则和免责事由;坚持“填补损害,恢复原状”、“惩罚恶意,预防警示”、“平衡得失,限额赔偿”的损害赔偿原则;界定损害赔偿的范围,使赔偿更有针对性和可操作性。
[Abstract]:In the process of social industrialization and modernization, the occurrence of natural resource damage events. The system of civil liability for environmental tort in our country mainly provides civil liability for the personal and property damage of the direct victim, and lacks the relief provisions for the damaged natural resources. In view of this, this paper tries to analyze the necessity and feasibility of constructing the compensation system of natural resources from the real case, and put forward some ideas on the establishment of the system of compensation for natural resources in our country. The full-text subject is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, through the investigation of typical natural resource damage cases, the connotation and extension of the concept of natural resource damage On the basis of summarizing the new situation of natural resource damage and its treatment, combining the nature and characteristics of natural resources, the natural conditions and natural factors of natural resource damage are defined as the natural conditions and natural factors of human survival and development. Unreasonable impairment and self-work of bad change and value A decline in energy. The form of natural resource damage is mainly environmental pollution and The second chapter is to build the damage compensation for natural resources. First, the reality and characteristics of natural resource damage determine the origin of the compensation for natural resources Secondly, the paper expounds the natural resources of our country. The legislation of the existing natural resources and environmental protection law is based on the idea of the traditional tort law, and pays attention to the protection of the personal and property rights and interests of the direct victim caused by the environmental pollution, and ignores the damage to the damage The protection of the natural resources of the harm. Based on the analysis of the existing system of civil liability of environmental tort and the practice of the administrative and judicial process of the damage to the natural resources, the paper explains that the existing legal system and the processing mechanism can't be used to the natural resources. In the end, from the point of view of the law philosophy, it is clear that the natural resources as an integral part of the social public interest need to establish the relevant safeguard system and remedy it. Possible real-time damage. Chapter III is for the construction of natural resources On the basis of the theoretical basis, the damage of natural resources is in accordance with the constitutive requirements of the special tort liability. In essence, it is a special tort. Therefore, in the case of natural resource damage, the state of the victim as a victim may, in the capacity of the civil subject, require the natural person, the legal person or other organization of the natural resource to bear the civil responsibility for damages In order to protect the public interest by using the private law method, the civil liability of the compensation for damages under the General Principles of the Civil Law of China and the Law of Liability for Tort Liability is observed from the basic level of the system, and the damage to the natural resources can be fully filled. The typical cases in the legal and judicial trials of our country, such as the Constitution and the Law on the Protection of the Marine Environment, provide a useful system and a practical basis for the construction of the compensation system for natural resources of our country. to study and learn from the reasonable system arrangement, and to compensate for the damage to natural resources of our country The fourth chapter is based on the analysis and demonstration of the previous text, based on the debt of the special tort compensation, based on the current law, and draws on the mature thought in the foreign legislation. The preliminary idea of the construction of the system of compensation for natural resources in China: to determine the subject of damages; to clarify the principle of liability and the cause of the liability; to adhere to the principle of damages for 鈥渢o fill the damage and restore to the original state鈥，

本文编号：2327159