浅析新形势下彩礼所涉法律问题

发布时间：2018-05-20 21:52

本文选题：彩礼 + 彩礼性质　；参考：《西南政法大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】：当下,虽然我国法律没有将婚约和彩礼纳入调整范围,但是订婚和给付彩礼在我国民间却盛行。随着社会的发展,人们生活水平的提高,彩礼的数额越来越多。人口流动的加剧,以及没有法律的规制仅仅靠道德约束等各种原因造成悔婚现象增加,关于彩礼返还的纠纷也日渐增多。目前关于彩礼的性质没有明确的结论,我们主要参照2003年司法解释解决彩礼纠纷,然而其规定过于概括,存在诸多缺陷,要解决纷繁复杂的彩礼纠纷,需要在法律中明确婚约以及彩礼的性质,认真分析现行法律的不足,完善相关立法,同时给法官一定的自由裁量权,使得法官能够结合当地风俗办理彩礼纠纷案件,才能让百姓真正接受判决结果,自觉执行判决。本文主要分为五个部分: 第一部分是彩礼的概念与演变。彩礼也叫聘礼、纳彩,即男女双方在初步达成结婚意向后,男方向女方支付的数额一定的金钱或者财物。交付彩礼之后婚约成立,男女双方产生未婚夫妻身份,因此彩礼是证明婚约成立的一种重要方式。从远古氏族社会男子娶妻要以两张鹿皮作为礼物的习惯发展而来,到西周时期婚姻要有父母之命,媒妁之言,必须经过“六礼”,其中给付聘礼是六礼中尤为重要的一个环节,女方接受聘礼即为接受订婚,男女双方随即成为未婚夫妻,一直到清朝人们都保留着订婚和给付彩礼的习俗。新中国成立后,在民间订婚和给付彩礼的现象仍然大量存在,但是在1950年、1980年《婚姻法》和2001年《婚姻法》修正案中都没有关于婚约和彩礼的明确规定,以致大量彩礼纠纷没有详细的法律规定作为判决依据,各地法院判决结果大相径庭,不利于维护法律的权威。第二部分对彩礼的功能进行分析,认为彩礼产生之初有着补偿劳动力价值,报答父母养育之恩;表达男方缔结婚姻的强烈愿望;婚约信用的担保;实现财产流转,家庭财产分割等功能,在对彩礼进行定性时必须考虑到传统彩礼的作用。第三部分明确彩礼的性质。所有权说没有看到彩礼赠与与一般赠与在前提上的区别,将结婚作为前提的彩礼赠与如果视为一般赠与的话对于保护给付方的利益不利;从契约说将婚约作为主契约,彩礼给付作为从契约,但是并不是说有订婚仪式才会给付彩礼,即使没有采取书面或者一定的仪式方式订立婚约,也可能单独通过给付彩礼的方式表达缔结婚姻的愿望,在目前我国没有把婚约定性为契约的情况下显然也站不住脚;附义务赠与说中将缔结婚姻作为所付义务,一方违约时守约方显然不能要求强制履约,因此也不符合一般附义务赠与的特征;附解除条件的说法是通说,但是无法解释即使缔结了婚姻也要返还彩礼的情况;目的赠与说,现行法律中没有此种分类,因此也只能按照一般赠与处理;笔者赞成彩礼是证约定金的说法,从民间对彩礼返还的处理规则等方面考虑,也应该得出这样的结论。第四部分罗列了现行法律对彩礼以及彩礼纠纷解决的规定并分析其缺陷:缺少对婚约与彩礼的详细规定;相关批复与司法解释中对彩礼用语不统一;缺乏对彩礼范围的准确界定;2003年司法解释中对于共同生活概念没有交代;对返还的数额比例没有进行具体的规定;在彩礼返还情形中,没有考虑过错方的责任;司法解释忽视了对当今社会现状的考虑;诉讼主体不明确。第五部分提出了关于彩礼纠纷解决的建议:在婚姻法中明确婚约和彩礼的性质,统一法律用语;准确界定彩礼范围;考虑多方面因素,比照离婚相关规定健全彩礼返还规则,采取过错主义,正确处理同居关系、无效婚姻、可撤销婚姻中的彩礼纠纷;明晰彩礼纠纷诉讼当事人,如果彩礼是男方用个人财产支付的,男方个人为原告,否则男方父母可以作为共同原告,同理,如果彩礼被女方作为个人财产使用,则女方个人为被告,否则女方的父母应该作为共同被告;法官应通过利益衡量准确适用现行法律规定,正确把握司法解释中缔结婚姻但是没有共同生活应该返还彩礼规定的真谛;立法中应该对返还比例明确规定,同时给法官一定的自由裁量权,让法官能够结合当地风俗办案。如今,婚约现象仍然大量存在,并且有愈演愈烈的趋势,我们应该本着尊重风俗的出发点,完善彩礼相关立法,更好的解决相关纠纷。
[Abstract]:At present, although the law of our country does not bring the marriage and bride price into the range of adjustment, the betrothal and payment gifts are prevalent in our country. With the development of the society, people's living standards are increasing, the amount of color gift is more and more, the flow of population is increasing, and the law system is only due to moral restraint and other reasons. At present, there is no clear conclusion about the nature of the color gift, and we mainly refer to the judicial interpretation of 2003 to solve the dispute of the bride price. However, the provisions are too general and there are many defects. To solve the complicated and complicated dispute of the bride price, we need to clear the nature of the marriage and the color gift in the law. We can really analyze the shortcomings of the current law, improve the relevant legislation, and give the judge a certain discretion, so that the judge can deal with the cases of the color ceremony in combination with the local customs, so that the people can truly accept the result of the judgment and conscientiously execute the judgment.
This article is divided into five parts:
The first part is the concept and evolution of the bride price. The color gift is also called the bride price and the lottery, that is, the male and female parties pay a certain amount of money or property after the initial marriage intention is reached. After the delivery of the bride price, the marriage is established, and the women and men produce the unmarried husband and wife. The marriage of the ancient clan society is developed with the custom of two deer skin as a gift. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the marriage must have the life of the parents. The matchmaker's words must pass through the "six rites". Among them, the bride price is a particularly important part of the six rites. In the Qing Dynasty, people retained the custom of betrothal and giving color gifts. After the founding of the new China, there were still many phenomena of engagement and gift giving in the folk. But in 1950, there was no explicit stipulation about marriage and bride price in the 1980 < marriage law > and the 2001 < marriage Law > amendment, so that there were no detailed legal provisions for a large number of color ritual disputes. As a judgment, the judgments of different courts are quite different, which is not conducive to safeguarding the authority of the law.
The second part analyses the function of the bride price, and thinks that at the beginning of the birth of the bride price, there is a compensation for the value of the labor force, the reward of the parental rearing, the strong desire to express the man's marriage, the guarantee of the marriage credit, the realization of the transfer of property, the division of family property and so on, which must take into account the role of the traditional bride price in the qualitative analysis of the bride price.
The third part clarifies the nature of the bride price. The title does not see the difference between the gift and the general gift. The gift of marriage is regarded as the premise of the gift if it is regarded as a general gift to protect the benefit of the party. The wedding ceremony will pay the bride price. Even if there is no written or certain ceremony to make a marriage contract, it may also express the desire to conclude the marriage by giving the bride price alone. At present, it is obvious that the marriage is not regarded as a contract in our country. The abiding party obviously cannot require compulsory performance when the party breach a contract, and therefore does not conform to the characteristics of the general attached gift; the statement attached to the terminating condition is a general statement, but it can not explain the situation that even the marriage should be returned to the bride price; the purpose of the gift is that there is no such classification in the current law and therefore can only be dealt with by the general gift. The approval of betrothal gifts is the proof of the deposit, and the conclusion should be drawn from the consideration of the rules for the return of betrothal gifts.
The fourth part lists the provisions of the current law on the settlement of the color ceremony and the color gift dispute and analyzes its defects: the lack of detailed provisions for the marriage and the bride price; the relevant approval and the judicial interpretation of the color ceremony language is not unified; the lack of accurate definition of the scope of the color ceremony; in 2003, the judicial interpretation of the concept of common life has not been replaced; the return of the reversion. There is no specific stipulation in the proportion of the amount; in the reversion of the bride price, the liability of the fault party is not taken into consideration; the judicial interpretation ignores the consideration of the present situation of the society; the subject of the lawsuit is not clear.
The fifth part puts forward some suggestions about the settlement of the color gift dispute: in the marriage law, the nature of the marriage and the bride price is clearly defined, the legal language is unified, the scope of the bride price is defined, and the many factors are considered, and the rules of the reversion of the bride price are improved compared to the relevant provisions of the divorce, the fault doctrine is adopted, the relationship of cohabitation and the invalid marriage are correctly handled, and the color in the marriage can be revoked. Courtesy dispute; clear the parties to the lawsuit of the color gift dispute, if the bride price is paid by the man's personal property, the man's individual is the plaintiff, otherwise the male parents can be the common plaintiff. If the bride is used as the personal property, the woman's individual is the defendant, otherwise the woman's parents should be the co defendant; the judge should pass the benefit. It is accurate to apply the current legal provisions and correctly grasp the true meaning of the provision of marriage in the judicial interpretation but that no common life should be returned to the stipulation of the bride price. In the legislation, the proportion of return should be clearly defined, and the judges are given a certain discretion to allow the judges to handle cases in combination with local customs.
Nowadays, the phenomenon of marriage contract still exists, and there is a growing trend. We should improve the relevant legislation in color ceremony in accordance with the starting point of respecting the customs, so as to better solve the related disputes.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D923.9

【引证文献】