侵权补充责任研究

发布时间：2018-01-15 14:31

  本文关键词：侵权补充责任研究　出处：《西南政法大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 侵权补充责任 侵权行为类型 多数人侵权 安全保障义务 不真正连带责任 直接责任人 补充责任人

【摘要】：本文以侵权补充责任及相关侵权行为类型为主题,全文包括绪论、第一至六章,以及结论。“绪论”包括三方面内容:首先,对民法上的补充责任进行了脉络梳理。包括探寻补充责任在我国法中的发展轨迹、对现行法中关于补充责任的各种规定予以归整、对补充责任进行类型区分,进而把本文的研究主题限定为“侵权补充责任”。其次,介绍了学界对侵权补充责任的理论争议,根据学者所持不同立场,将学界观点分为赞成派、改良派与否定派,并对其贡献与不足进行了评述。针对现行法中关于侵权补充责任的相关规定,列举了六个案例,以说明现行规定还存在诸多疑惑与不足,需要通过体系化的研究进一步阐释与完善。最后,介绍了本文的研究范围、研究方法及创新之处。第一章为“侵权补充责任的基本涵义”,立足于描述。主要站在解释论的层面,讨论侵权补充责任的特定构成要素。最终认定,侵权补充责任包括三个基本要素:“责任顺序法定”、“补充责任范围受到双重限制”、“补充责任人享有全额追偿权”。其中,“责任顺位法定”是指直接责任处于第一顺位,补充责任处于第二顺位;“补充责任范围受到双重限制”表明,补充责任并非对直接责任人无力赔偿部分的全额补充,而是在直接责任人无力赔偿的范围内,再根据补充责任人自身的过失行为,确定其应当承担的责任份额;“补充责任人享有全额追偿权”表明,补充责任是风险责任,直接责任是最终责任。第二章为“侵权补充责任的特有属性”,系以“一物和他物在相互关联时表现出来的质”为视角,廓清侵权补充责任与所涉相关事物的关系。一是通过分析侵权补充责任与传统的连带责任、不真正连带责任、按份责任的区别,认定侵权补充责任是一种新型的、独立的多数人侵权责任形态;二是将侵权补充责任的性质归纳为直接责任的承担具有绝对性、补充责任的承担具有不确定性、补充责任与直接责任具有牵连性;三是围绕侵权补充责任的效力,分析了责任承担的效力、责任免除的效力、抗辩权的行使主体、抗辩权的行使效果等四个方面;四是就侵权补充责任所涉相关请求权之间的关系,予以了澄清。包括对直接责任人的侵权请求权与对补充责任人的侵权请求权,无法为现有请求权理论所涵括;对直接责任人的侵权请求权与对补充责任人的违约请求权,构成广义的请求权竞合;对补充责任人的侵权请求权与对补充责任人的违约请求权,则构成狭义的请求权竞合。第三章为“侵权补充责任对应的侵权行为类型”,立足于联系,即将侵权行为类型与侵权补充责任联系在一起进行考察。首先,介绍了配置侵权补充责任的典型侵权行为类型,即对第三人侵权未尽到安全保障义务的行为、对第三人侵权未尽到教育保护义务的行为,对虚假证明材料出具不实公证文书的行为;其次,探讨了被误定为侵权补充责任的侵权行为类型,即派遣劳动者致害中的派遣单位侵权行为;再次,展示了被忽略的侵权行为类型,包括会计师事务所的过失审计行为,检验机构、认证机构的不实检验或认证行为,被监护人因教唆、帮助致害,监护人未尽监护责任的行为,使用人驾驶机动车致害,所有人未尽注意义务的行为;最后,分析了被误读为侵权补充责任的侵权行为类型,如第三人侵权导致的受益人补偿责任、子女致人损害导致的父母责任、不动产物权登记错误导致的责任、表见经营中的被挂靠人责任、网络服务提供者无正当理由拒绝或无法提供侵权人信息的责任、雇员受害时的违法发包人(或分包人)责任等六种类型。在此基础上,归纳了现行法配置侵权补充责任的一般规律,包括侵权行为、主观心理状态、归责原则、涵摄范围等几个方面的规律。第四章为“多数人侵权责任制度的域外实践及启示”,立足于比较。一是多数人侵权责任形态的比较考察,介绍了英美法系与大陆法系主要国家的法律制度中,所存在的多数人侵权的责任形态;二是就我国法配置为侵权补充责任的侵权行为类型,对域外法配置的责任形态进行了考察;三是鉴于当前欧洲的统一私法运动如火如荼,对欧洲最新的几个非正式法律文本,如《欧洲侵权法原则》、《欧洲示范民法典草案·造成他人损害的非合同责任》、《奥地利损害赔偿法(讨论草案)》中关于侵权责任形态的规定,予以了关注。通过比较法考察,得到如下启示:侵权补充责任属于比较法上的“特例”,域外法选择的责任形态比补充责任更加严格,多数人侵权的责任形态日益丰富,责任形态呈现出向“类型混合”发展的趋势。第五章为“侵权补充责任的贡献与不足”,立足于证成与反思。第一,分析了补充责任人承担责任的法理基础,进而认定,根据成本分析理论、危险控制理论与信赖关系理论,要求补充责任人承担责任具有正当性;第二,针对否定侵权补充责任的观点,如违反全部损害赔偿原则、违反过错侵权责任、违反保护义务基本精神等,逐一进行辨析,最终认定,这些反对观点有的不能成立,有的虽包含了合理的成分,但尚不足以从根本上否定侵权补充责任的成立;第三,从侵权补充责任所涉及的利益衡量、所涉及的因果关系、所独具的制度优势入手,说明侵权补充责任的制度设计包含了合理因素;第四,站在反思的角度,本文亦承认,侵权补充责任并非无可挑剔的责任形态,其与违反合同附随义务的违约责任无法协调,“责任顺位法定”对赔偿权利人不够公平、对二次诉讼成本的分配不尽合理,且导致求偿程序繁琐。第六章为“侵权补充责任的完善”,立足于改进。针对现行法中关于侵权补充责任的规定,本文主张从如下四个方面予以完善:一是部分规定未考虑到侵权人主观心理状态的不同,统一配置为侵权补充责任,对此,应通过限缩解释的方法,将侵权补充责任的适用范围限定在“直接责任人故意+补充责任人过失”这一结构中,至于在直接责任人与补充责任人之间就故意或过失产生的其他搭配结构,则应采取其他责任形态;二是鉴于侵权补充责任所涉保护义务具有多源性,故通过类型化的方法,将其区分为基于特殊关系所产生的保护义务、基于信赖关系所产生的保护义务、基于危险控制所产生的保护义务等三种类型,同时,主张通过可预见规则、诚实信用原则对其适用范围予以限制;三是鉴于侵权补充责任关于责任顺位的制度安排缺乏正当性,在立法论层面,主张用“相应的不真正连带责任”取而代之,在解释论层面,则提出了两个解释路径,包括改造补充责任人的先诉抗辩权,或将“补充”限定为直接责任人与补充责任人在内部责任分担上的相互关系;四是针对侵权补充责任的诉讼形态,最高人民法院杜撰的“单向的必要共同诉讼”不尽合理,主张根据赔偿权利人起诉的不同责任主体,在尊重原告选择权的基础上,实行分类规制。最后是“结论”。归纳了本文对侵权补充责任所持基本立场,明确了本文研究存在的不足,指出了本文研究的未尽事宜。
[Abstract]:In this paper, supplementary liability and tort types as the theme, including the full text of the introduction, the first chapter to the six chapter, and conclusion. "Introduction" includes three aspects: first, the supplementary liability in the civil law were combing. Including tracking the development of supplementary liability in our national law, to be on the various provisions on the whole the added responsibility of the existing law, the type distinction of supplementary liability, and to define the theme of this paper is "supplementary liability". Secondly, introduces the theoretical disputes of infringement supplementary liability, according to the different positions held by scholars, the academic point of view is divided into the pros, reformists and negative pie. And the contributions and shortcomings were reviewed. According to the relevant provisions of the supplementary liability in current laws, six cases are listed to illustrate the current regulations there are still many doubts and shortcomings, through the system Further research and improvement. Finally, introduces the research scope, research methods and innovations. The first chapter is "the supplementary liability of the basic meaning, based on the description of the main station. In the interpretation of the level of specific elements is discussed. Finally the supplementary liability of infringement supplementary liability in tort cognizance, including three basic elements:" legal order "responsibility", the supplementary liability scope by double restriction "," added responsibility to enjoy the full recourse. "Among them," a legal liability "refers to the direct responsibility in the first place, the supplementary liability in second place;" the supplementary liability scope by double restriction "that supplement the responsibility is not directly responsible for people unable to compensate the full complement of part of the range, but are unable to damages in the direct responsibility of the persons, according to people's own negligence liability, it shall bear determined The share of responsibility; "added responsibility to enjoy the full right of recourse" shows that the supplementary liability is the risk liability, direct liability is the ultimate responsibility. The second chapter is "the unique attributes of" supplementary liability, as "a thing and he in the interrelated display quality" as the perspective, relationship between the clearance of supplementary liability with the relevant things. One is through the analysis of joint liability of supplementary liability and tradition, the unreal joint obligation, according to the difference between liability, infringement supplementary liability is a new form of tort liability, the majority of independent; two is the nature of infringement supplementary liability undertake direct liability is summarized absolutely, undertake supplementary liability is uncertain, supplementary liability and liability has direct implications; three is the effect on supplementary liability, analyzes the effect of liability, liability exemption effect, anti The main exercise the right of defense, the four aspects of the exercise of the right of defense effect; four is the relation between supplementary liability involved the right to request to be clarified. Including the claim of infringement of direct responsibility and tort supplementary liability of the right to request, not covered by the existing theory of right of claim; those who are directly responsible for the infringement of the right of claim and the supplementary liability of breach of contract claim, which claims the generalized supplementary liability of infringement; on the right of claim and the supplementary liability for the breach of contract claim constitutes concurrence in the narrow sense. The third chapter is "type" the corresponding supplementary liability in tort tort, based on the contact, the tort behavior type and supplementary liability together were investigated. Firstly, introduces the types of allocation of supplementary liability of typical infringement, namely of the third party fails to fulfill the safety guarantee of righteousness The service behavior of the third party fails to fulfill the duty of protection of education behavior, false evidence and false notarization behavior; secondly, discusses the types of tort is mistaken for supplementary liability, namely the dispatched workers in tort damage caused by the dispatch unit; thirdly, showing the type of neglected tort, including negligence behavior of audit, CPA inspection institutions, certification inspection or certification of false behavior, the guardian for abetting help damage, entirely the responsibility of guardianship of the guardian, the use of driving a motor vehicle damage caused by all people, not entirely the duty behavior; finally, analysis of the types of misreading for infringement supplementary liability of infringement, if the beneficiary compensation liability of the third person infringement, the damage caused by the children lead to parental responsibility, real property registration error liability, see table management In their responsibility, the network service provider refuses or is unable to provide the information of the infringement liability, the victim of illegal employer employee (or subcontractor) responsibility six types. On this basis, summarizes the general rules of the current law configuration of supplementary liability, including infringement, subjective psychology state, imputation principle, several aspects of subsumtion scope of the law. The fourth chapter is "the extraterritorial practice and Enlightenment of" the majority of infringement liability system, based on a comparison of the majority of people are compared. The forms of tort liability investigation, introduces the Anglo American law system and continental law system in the legal system, the existence of the majority of infringement liability form; two is the type of our country allocation of supplementary liability in tort, the liability of foreign law configuration were investigated; the three is given the current European sports such as the unification of private law Fire such as tea, on the latest European several informal legal texts, such as the principles of European Tort Law < >, < > non contract responsibility European demonstration draft civil code and causes damage to others, "Austria damage compensation law (Draft) provisions on tort liability form", to be a concern. Through the comparison method study, get the following enlightenment: the supplementary liability belongs to the comparison of the "special case", the choice of foreign law liability form than supplementary liability is more stringent, the majority of infringement liability form of the increasingly rich, showing the development of the form of liability to the "mixed type" trend. The fifth chapter is "the supplementary infringement liability contribution and insufficiency" based on the justification and reflection. First, analyze the legal basis, supplementary liability and identification, according to the cost analysis theory, risk control theory and trust theory, required supplementary liability with There is justification; second, to deny the supplementary liability point of view, such as the violation of all damage compensation principle, violation of tort liability, breach of obligation to protect the basic spirit, one by one analysis, the final determination, these opposing viewpoints and some can not be established, although some contain reasonable elements, but not enough to deny the establishment of supplementary liability fundamentally; third, measure involved in supplementary liability interests, the causal relationships involved, with the unique advantages of the system, system design of supplementary liability contains rational factors; fourth, standing in the angle of reflection, this paper has also admitted that the supplementary liability is not impeccable form of liability, the with the breach of collateral obligation of contract liability for breach of contract can not be coordinated, "a legal liability" right to compensation is not fair, on the two distribution of litigation cost is not reasonable, and the cause The cumbersome procedures. The sixth chapter is "perfect" supplementary infringement liability, based on improved. According to the provisions on the supplementary liability in current laws, this paper argues that from the following four aspects: one is to improve some of the provisions did not take into account the infringer's subjective mental state is different, the unified configuration for the supplementary liability, in this regard, should explain the method of shrink through the scope of supplementary liability is limited in the structure of "direct responsibility of intentional + supplementary liability of negligence", as in between the direct responsibility and the added responsibility of intentional or negligence of other collocation should adopt the structure of other forms of liability is given; two supplementary liability involved protection obligations are heterogeneous, so the type of the method, which can be divided into the protection obligations based on the special relationship between the trust generated based on the protection duty, base On the risk control of the resulting protection obligations of three types, at the same time, advocated by the rule of foreseeability, the principle of honesty and credit should be limited to the scope; three is given in the supplementary liability of liability for cis position system arrangement of the lack of legitimacy, in the perspective of legislation, advocate the use of "instead of the unreal joint responsibility" and from the perspective of interpretation, the proposed two interpretation path, including the transformation of the added responsibility of beneficium excussionis, or the "supplement" is defined as the relationship between the direct responsibility and the supplementary liability in the sharing of responsibilities within the four forms of litigation; the supplementary liability for the infringement, the Supreme People's court coined "check the necessary joint action is not reasonable, according to the different subject of liability compensation for the right of prosecution, in respect of the plaintiff has the right to choose on the implementation of the classification regulation. Finally the conclusion summarized. In this paper, the basic position of the supplementary liability for tort is held, the shortcomings of this study are clarified, and the unfinished issues in this paper are pointed out.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923
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本文编号：1428776