我国内地融资典当法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-01-16 01:28

  本文关键词：我国内地融资典当法律问题研究　出处：《山东大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 内地典当 营业质 赎当 绝当 息费

【摘要】：我国内地典当与传统典当有所不同,具有一定的特殊性,传统典当发展至今主要表现为营业质和典权制度,我国内地的典当与营业质不同,其业务内容包含了营业质所排斥的不动产抵押典当与财产权利质押典当,因不动产价值昂贵而不能流质,其典当性质已受到质疑,因《物权法》对于不动产抵押已有详细规定,故不动产抵押典当缺乏在法律上存在的必要性,将不动产抵押典当塑造为传统的倚当也许是一种思路,但需要《物权法》上的依据。为阐述我国内地融资典当的法律问题,须以传统典当为基础和参照,需要对我国传统典当的发展历史进行简要回顾,典与当不分的习惯在我国延续至今,尽管从现代民法的角度看,典与当泾渭分明,这也是现代民法典形式理性的必然要求,但是,典、当不分乃习惯使然、与国情相符,也反映了一种实质理性。宋代的“倚当”从现代民法的角度考察就是一种间接占有型典权制度,直到我国内地1990年代审理的典当纠纷案件罚裁判中仍有这种倚当的痕迹,即出当人仍然占有使用典当房屋,但要向典权人交纳租金作为当金的利息。通过与相关概念进行比较,可以进一步明确典当的性质与特点。在发达的市场经济社会,物的担保应该具备二种形态、三种功能,二种形态是转移权利担保与作为用益物权的担保,前者与担保债权相对独立,后者以担保债权为基础；三种功能,一是债权人占有担保物以促使债务人履行,二是债权人使用担保物获得收益以冲抵债务,三是债权人以担保物的交换价值优先受偿。目前我国内地物的担保只具备第二种形态以及第一、三种功能,而营业质和典权就具备第一种形态和第二种功能,恰好弥补内地物保之不足。在我国内地典当实务中,对于典当关系的成立仍存有争议,主要表现在四个方面,首先是典当行发放信用贷款是否影响典当关系的成立,其次是当票是否为典当关系成立的唯一证据,第三是典当行善意收赃是否影响典当关系的成立,第四,典当关系是否允许第三担保方加入。赎当、续当与绝当是典当法律关系中的重要环节,但对其属性问题也是有争议的,即赎当是权利还是义务,涉及绝当是否构成违约的问题；续当时未结清的息费能否转入本金计算,不动产抵押典当在续当时是否需要重新办理登记；绝当与流质的关系如何,等等。绝当后的息费如何计算是实务中引人关注的问题,法院的裁判与制度的规定都在发挥着不同的作用,其实质还是利益判断问题。对于绝当物的处理,除流质外有协商处理和通过法院处理二种方式,而通过法院处理又有诉讼案件与非讼案件之分,虽然已有最高法院的相关司法解释,但对于非讼案件的审理程序仍有疑问。与发达国家(地区)主要服务于普通消费者的典当相比,我国内地典当业主要的服务对象是中小企业,其担保贷款的金融性质较为明显,这也是典当业界的普遍认识,最突出的表现是他们一致认为到期不赎当是违约行为,应该承担违约责任,但众所周知,传统典当主要特点就是绝当适用流质,若适用流质,则无违约可言。随着我国内地金融管制的放开,银行存、贷款利率逐步自主化,以及国家扶持小微企业的诸多优惠政策出台,内地典当业这种以放贷为主的经营模式将受到较大冲击,因此,回归传统典当业将成为必然的选择,即面向普通消费者的经营性典当。为平衡私益典当可能出现的负面性,由政府组建公益典当是发达国家的普遍做法,值得我们借鉴。严守物权法定原则已不适合时代发展的要求,在长期交易习惯中产生的财产权益也应赋予物权的效力,典当权就应该赋予物权效力。由于《典当管理办法》只是部门规章,还未上升到法律层面,所以地方法院在审理典当纠纷案件时并未将其作为必须执行的强制性规范,也考虑到当地的交易习惯,于是也就难免产生同种情形的不同审理结果。因此,将我国内地典当融资制度上升到法律层面应该提到立法机关的议事日程上。
[Abstract]:The mainland of China's traditional pawn and pawn is different, has some particularity, the traditional pawn development has mainly for business quality and business quality and pawning pawning system, the mainland of China, its business covers business matter against the mortgage of real estate property rights pledge and pawn pawn, for real production value of expensive and not liquid, the nature of pawn has been questioned because of "property law > for real estate mortgage has detailed provisions, therefore the real estate mortgage lack of necessity in law, real estate mortgage shape for the traditional reliance when perhaps is an idea, but need to" property law > basis. To explain the legal problems of financing pawn in mainland China, must take the traditional pawn as the basis and reference to the development history of our country traditional pawn briefly, and when the code is used in our country to continue Today, although from the perspective of modern civil law code, and when this is quite distinct from each other, the modern civil code form rational requirement, however, is not typical, when the habit, in line with national conditions, but also reflects a substantial reason. The song "lean on when" from the angle of the modern civil law is studied a type of indirect possession system of pawning right, there are still traces of the hill when the mainland of China in 1990s until the trial of the pawn disputes penalty judgment, namely when people still use and possession of pawn houses, but to pay rent to tenants as gold interest. Compared with the related concepts, we can further clarify the nature and characteristics pawn. In the developed market economy society, the guarantee should have two forms, three functions, two forms are the transfer of rights and guarantees as usufructuary right guarantee, the guarantee creditor's rights and relative independence, the latter to bear Protecting the creditor's rights as the foundation; three functions, one is the possession of collateral to the debtor, the creditor is the two use of collateral benefits to offset the debt, three is the creditors in exchange for collateral value priority. At present our domestic security features have only second forms and first, third kinds of functions, and business the first matter and have second kinds of form and function, just to make up for lack of mainland security. In the mainland of China for the establishment of pawn pawn practice, relationship is still controversial, mainly manifested in four aspects, the first is the pawnshop credit loans would not affect the establishment of pawning relationship, secondly is the only evidence of the ticket whether the pawn of relationship building, third is white pawn received stolen goods would not affect the relationship between the fourth established pawn, pawn relationship will allow third party guarantees to join. When and when the vast ransom, continued Is an important part of pawn legal relationship, but also have the attributes of controversial issues, namely the ransom is right or obligation, if constitute a breach of contract involving the vast problem; then continued outstanding interest charges can into the principal terms, real estate mortgage in the continued was subject to registration again; when the vast how the relationship with liquid and so on. How absolutely when interest fee calculation is a matter of concern in practice, and the court referee system provisions are in play different roles in the interest or judgment. For the vast processing when the matter, in addition to liquid outside the consultation process and by the court in two ways, and through the court and litigation and non litigation cases of the points, although the existing relevant judicial interpretation of the Supreme Court, but for non contentious proceedings cases is still in doubt. With the developed countries (regions) the main service Compared to the ordinary consumer's pawn, pawn industry to China's main object is the small and medium-sized enterprises, the loan of financial property is more obvious, which is the common understanding of pawn industry, is the most outstanding performance they agreed that due to atone for breach of contract, should bear the liability for breach of contract, but as everyone knows, the traditional pawn mainly when the feature is vast for liquid, if applicable liquid, no default at all. With the opening, the mainland of China financial regulation of bank deposit, loan interest rates gradually liberalization, and many countries support Small and micro businesses preferential policies, such as the mainland pawn lending based business model will have a serious impact, therefore, regression the traditional pawn industry will become the inevitable choice, namely consumer oriented business. The negative balance of private pawn pawn possible, established by the government and public pawn The general practice in developed countries, is worthy of our reference. Adherence to the principle of statutory real right is not suitable for the development of the times, resulting in long-term trading habits in property rights should give the validity of real right, the pawn right should be given the real right effect. As a result of < > pawn management approach only sector regulations have not risen to the legal level, so the local court in the trial of disputes will not pawn as the mandatory norms must be executed, also taking into account the local trading habits, so different trial results will inevitably have the same kind of situations. Therefore, I will be the domestic mortgage financing system to rise to the level of law should be referred to the legislature on schedule.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D923.2
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本文编号：1430968