我国遗嘱形式及其效力探究

发布时间：2018-04-07 00:02

本文选题：遗嘱继承　切入点：遗嘱形式　出处：《广西师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：遗嘱继承的特殊之处在于遗嘱的生效时间在被继承人死亡之后,是典型的单方法律行为及死因法律行为。基于遗嘱的特殊性,法律对遗嘱形式的严格性规定是自然而然的。然而在实践适用中严格的法定遗嘱形式的要式规定常常会限制立遗嘱人真实意愿的自由实现,法定形式要件上有所欠缺的遗嘱形式常常会陷入效力纠纷的困顿中,否定被继承人遗嘱中合法的实质内容,违反了遗嘱继承制度以遗嘱自由原则为基础的立法理念,也不利于国家法律理论基础的构建及维护社会秩序的正常发展。中国现行《继承法》诞生于上世纪八十年代的计划经济时代,民众乃至立法者对法律的思量都受到了计划经济体制的局限。法律局限性和滞后性的特点在遗嘱法定形式法律规范中也有所体现:目前公民常用的遗嘱形式新增了录像形式、打印形式、网络形式等等,而这些新型形式在法律中还没能有具体明确的相对应法律条文为其效力提供依据,在司法实践中法官大多对其法律效果持否定态度,常常因为“同案不同判”造成众人难服的纠纷结果,从一定意义上来说是对自然人遗嘱民事权利的剥夺。本文围绕着提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的思路,除引言和结语外分为四大部分。第一部分,从简略介绍遗嘱形式的基本梗概出发,对遗嘱的含义、遗嘱形式的法律特征等基本内容进行了阐述。第二部分,简单分析了我国法定遗嘱形式分类及效力规定等后,重点探讨了目前我国现行法律中存在的公证遗嘱效力过高、遗嘱形式要式性要求过高、遗嘱见证人相关规定不够完备、新型遗嘱形式没有对应法律条文进行规范、形式上具有瑕疵的遗嘱效力应该如何界定等遗嘱形式方面的问题。第三部分,对比我国的遗嘱形式分类及效力等规定,胪列了一些其他国家或者地区在遗嘱形式及效力方面的立法模式或者立法经验。第四部分主要是在前文分析的基础上从法律的角度提出一些完善我国遗嘱形式在的建议。对遗嘱效力的认定应该首先着眼于其是否兼具体现立遗嘱人真实意愿并且保持遗嘱之原状的内在本质特征及基础的外在形式上,建立在尊重被继承人遗嘱自由意志的基础上,最大限度地实现社会主义公平正义。借着国家积极筹备民法典订立的春风,在遗嘱继承立法及修改领域,在尊重立遗嘱人真实意思表示的遗嘱自由原则基础上,应当对公证遗嘱的优先效力进行有条件的限定,对法定遗嘱形式的要式性进行有条件的放宽,对遗嘱见证的相关规定进一步完善,扩展法定遗嘱形式的范围即承认部分新型遗嘱形式的法律效力,并对其他新型遗嘱形式进行法律属性的定性及法律意义上之效力的认定,再对形式上具有瑕疵的遗嘱之效力进行界定。人类社会进取的要求促使通过对法律条文更详细的设置来使原则性的条文变得实际具体,提高遗嘱形式运用和审判的可操作性,这也是遗嘱继承法所追求的目标。
[Abstract]:Special testamentary succession will in effect of time after the death of a citizen, is a unilateral legal act and legal act. The cause of death of typical special wills based on strict legal provisions in the form of wills is natural. However in the practical application of the strict legal provisions to the form of will often restrict the legislation the true wishes of the testator's free realization, lack of legal form in the form of will often fall into effect dispute hardship, negation is the essence of legal inheritance people will, in violation of the law of succession concept system based on the principle of free will, the construction and maintenance of normal social order is not conducive to the development of the national theory foundation of law. The current law of succession Chinese < > was born in 80s in the planned economy era, the people and the legislator to consider all legal Under the planned economic system limitations. The legal limitations and lag features are also reflected in the legal norms of legal forms will form the common citizens: at present will add video form, print form, network form and so on, and these new forms in the law can not be specific legal provision according to the effect of the judges in the judicial practice of most of the legal effect of negative attitude, often because of "somesentence" caused by the people to serve the dispute results in a sense of natural person is deprived of civil rights. This paper will put forward problems, analyzing problems and problem-solving ideas, in addition to the introduction and conclusion is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the basic outline of the form of will from the simple of the will of meaning, the basic content of the legal characteristics in the form of will Were expounded. The second part, a simple analysis of the legal effect of our country will form classification and requirements, focusing on the notarial will present the current law in effect is too high, will form type of high requirements, witnesses to the relevant provisions of the New Testament form is not complete, there is no corresponding legal provisions to regulate. How should the definition of formal aspects of validity is defective form of wills. In the third part, the provisions in contrast with China's terms of classification and validity, set out a number of other countries or regions in a form and effect of legislation or legislative experience. The fourth part is mainly on the basis of the above analysis from the law the angle put forward some perfect suggestions in our country will form. The identification will effect should first focus on whether it has really reflected the testator The external form of intrinsic characteristics and basis of real intention and will remain intact on the basis of the establishment in the respect of inheritance people will free will on the realization of socialist justice maximize. By actively preparing for the national civil code entered into the spring, and modify the inheritance legislation in the field of will, based on the principle of freedom of testament respect the true meaning of the testator, should be the priority of validity of notarial wills limit conditions, the legal form of will to relax the conditions of the type, to further improve the relevant provisions will witness, expand the scope of the legal form of will that part of the New Testament form legal effect, validity of qualitative and the legal significance and legal attribute of other New Testament form of the definition of validity will again have flaw on the form. The requirement of social progress promotes the improvement of the application of the testament form and the operability of the trial by setting more detailed provisions of the law so as to make the principle clauses practical and specific, which is also the goal pursued by the testamentary succession law.

【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923.5

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