民法典视野下的墓地使用权制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-21 15:32

本文选题：墓地 + 墓地使用权　；参考：《吉林大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来，我国在关于墓地上的权益纠纷频繁发生，并且有愈演愈烈的趋势，而我国又是一个崇尚土葬的国家，死者去世后其后人或者近亲属为了能表达的自己的思念之情，都会选择为故去的亲人购置墓地，希望能为死者的灵魂提供一个安息的地方，也为自己提供一个能够祭祀，寄托哀思之所。可以说，墓地上权益的问题关乎社会大众的每一个人。我国的墓地大体上分为公益性墓地和经营性墓地，公益性墓地大多是提供给在农村生活的人，其所有权属于集体组织，集体组织为本集体组织内的成员无偿提供墓穴。而经营性墓地是为城镇居民提供骨灰或遗体安葬实行有偿服务的公共墓地。由于我国土地所有权的只属于国家和集体所有，基于这种特殊性，导致了墓地上的权益总是与建设用地使用权、土地承包经营权以及其它不动产权益发生冲突，严重影响到了人们的日常生活。究其原因，在于墓地的权利属性不明确，当前我国的民事立法中关于墓地的民事权利的规定是缺失的，这就导致了对墓主以及墓地墓主近亲属利益的保护严重不足，，墓地首先不能作为人身权的客体，应该属于一种“具有人格利益的财产”，因此应首先将其确立为是财产权的客体。关于墓地使用权的问题，我国《物权法》尚未明确其具体属性，而且学术界对于墓地使用权理论问题的研究也少之又少。本文即探讨了债权性墓地使用权在对墓地所有权的限制、权利期限、征收补偿、权利转让等等方面所存在的不足。得出债权性墓地使用权难以支撑起对墓地的有效保护以及确立物权性墓地使用权的必要和可能性。笔者依据民法解释学原理将墓地使用权归为特许用益物权，来弥补现有制度的不足，并提出了墓地使用权的相关规则，希望未来《民法典》在编纂过程中能够考虑墓地使用权的重要性，并将制定相应的法律规则，以更好的保护墓地使用权相关人的利益。
[Abstract]:In recent years, disputes over the rights and interests of the graveyard in our country have occurred frequently, and there has been a growing trend, and our country is also a country worshipping burial. After the death of the deceased, their descendants or close relatives expressed their feelings of missing in order to be able to express their own thoughts. The city will choose to buy graves for dead relatives, hoping to provide a resting place for the souls of the dead, and also a place to offer sacrifices and mourning for themselves. It can be said that the question of the rights and interests of the graveyard concerns everyone in the community. The cemeteries in China are generally divided into public welfare cemeteries and commercial cemeteries. The public cemeteries are mostly provided to the people living in the countryside whose ownership belongs to the collective organizations which provide the graves for the members of the collective organizations free of charge. Operating cemeteries are public cemeteries that provide for the burial of ashes or remains of urban residents. Because the ownership of land in our country is only owned by the state and collectives, because of this particularity, the rights and interests in the graveyard are always in conflict with the right to use the construction land, the right to contract management of the land and other real estate rights. It has seriously affected people's daily life. The reason is that the property of the right of the cemetery is not clear, and the provisions on the civil rights of the cemetery are missing in the current civil legislation of our country, which leads to a serious lack of protection of the interests of the tomb owners and their close relatives. The graveyard should not be regarded as the object of personal right, but should belong to a kind of "property with personal interests", so it should be established as the object of property right first. Concerning the question of the right to use the graveyard, the property Law of our country has not yet made clear its specific attribute, and the academic circles have done little research on the theory of the right to use the cemetery. This paper discusses the limitation of the right to use the graveyard, the time limit of the right, the compensation of the expropriation, the transfer of the right and so on. It can not support the effective protection of the graveyard and the necessity and possibility of establishing the right to use the real cemetery. According to the principle of civil law hermeneutics, the author classifies the right to use the cemetery as the usufruct right of concession, to make up for the deficiency of the existing system, and puts forward the relevant rules of the right to use the cemetery. It is hoped that in the process of compiling the Civil Code in the future, the importance of the right to use cemeteries will be considered, and corresponding legal rules will be formulated to better protect the interests of the persons concerned with the right to use the cemetery.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.2

【参考文献】