利益平衡视角下的我国植物新品种保护制度研究

发布时间：2019-04-01 06:45

【摘要】：生物技术水平是衡量一国综合实力的重要标准,现已成为国际竞争中各国激烈争夺的战略制高点。植物新品种作为生物技术创新的重要成果,加强对其保护是激励育种研发、促进育种产业发展、保障农业安全的重要举措。主要发达国家为了保障、扩张其全球利益,极力推动对植物新品种进行高水平的知识产权保护,从而凭借其经济技术优势实现对其他国家,尤其是发展中国家育种及相关产业的控制。虽然植物新品种保护水平的逐步提高是知识经济时代的必然趋势,但是我国现阶段存在农业育种创新能力不足、植物遗传资源流失严重、农业基础薄弱、农民生活水平有待提高、育种产业发展滞后等问题。在这种国际国内背景之下,对植物新品种保护中的各方利益进行深入分析,综合考虑激励育种创新、保护植物遗传资源提供者及农民种植者利益、防范粮食安全风险以及保护生物多样性等多重目标,对解决我国植物新品种保护中存在的利益失衡,建立符合我国国情的、平衡各方主体利益的植物新品种保护制度具有重大意义。本研究首先对植物新品种保护基本理论进行了梳理。界定了植物新品种,回顾了植物新品种保护的起源与发展历程,揭示了对植物新品种进行保护的意义,并阐述了植物新品种保护的法学理论基础。其次,对植物新品种保护进行了利益分析。分析了植物新品种保护中存在的四对主要矛盾:育种者利益之间、育种者利益与遗传资源提供方利益之间、育种者利益与农民种植者利益之间、育种者利益与社会公共利益的矛盾,指出了在植物新品种保护制度中实现利益平衡的重要性、需要考量的因素,并结合现实国情分析了我国在植物新品种保护中所应追求的利益平衡。再次,梳理了我国关于植物新品种保护的主要法律法规、规章、司法解释,并分析了我国植物新品种保护制度在处理以上四对主要矛盾中存在的相对利益失衡。又次,分析了现今的植物新品种保护国际格局,并从后续育种者、遗传资源提供方、农民种植者以及社会公共利益四个方面对美国、欧盟与印度、非洲的植物新品种保护制度作了对比分析,并总结出了相应启示。最后,总结了完善我国植物新品种保护制度应该遵循的基本原则,并针对我国现行制度中存在的相对利益失衡,从利益平衡的角度提出了相应完善建议。
[Abstract]:Biotechnology level is an important standard to measure the comprehensive strength of a country, and has become the strategic commanding point of fierce competition among countries in the international competition. As an important achievement of biotechnology innovation, strengthening the protection of new plant varieties is an important measure to stimulate breeding research and development, promote the development of breeding industry and ensure the safety of agriculture. The major developed countries, in order to safeguard and expand their global interests, strive to promote a high level of intellectual property protection for new plant varieties so as to achieve, by virtue of their economic and technological advantages, other countries, Especially the control of breeding and related industries in developing countries. Although the gradual improvement of the protection level of new plant varieties is an inevitable trend in the era of knowledge economy, at the present stage of our country, there is insufficient ability of agricultural breeding innovation, serious loss of plant genetic resources, and weak agricultural foundation. The living standard of farmers needs to be improved and the development of breeding industry lags behind. In this international and domestic context, the interests of various parties in the protection of new plant varieties are thoroughly analyzed, and comprehensive consideration is given to encouraging breeding innovation and protecting the interests of plant genetic resources providers and farmers. To prevent the risk of food security and protect biodiversity, and so on, in order to solve the imbalance of interests existing in the protection of new plant varieties in China, and to establish those that are in line with the national conditions of our country, It is of great significance to balance the main interests of all parties in the protection system of new plant varieties. In this study, the basic theory of new plant variety protection was firstly combed out. This paper defines new varieties of plants, reviews the origin and development of protection of new varieties of plants, reveals the significance of protecting new varieties of plants, and expounds the theoretical basis of law on the protection of new varieties of plants. Secondly, the benefit analysis of new plant variety protection was carried out. Four main contradictions existing in the protection of new plant varieties were analyzed: the interests of breeders, the interests of breeders and the providers of genetic resources, and the interests of breeders and farmers. The contradiction between breeders' interests and social and public interests points out the importance of realizing the balance of interests in the protection system of new plant varieties, and the factors that need to be considered. The balance of benefits that should be pursued in the protection of new plant varieties in China was analyzed in the light of the actual situation. Thirdly, it combs the main laws and regulations, regulations and judicial explanations about the protection of new plant varieties in our country, and analyzes the relative interest imbalance existing in dealing with the above four main contradictions in the protection system of new plant varieties in our country. Again, the current international pattern of new plant variety protection is analyzed, and from the following four aspects: breeders, genetic resource providers, farmers growers and the public interest of the society to the United States, the European Union and India, The new plant variety protection system in Africa was compared and analyzed, and the corresponding enlightenment was summarized. Finally, the basic principles that should be followed to perfect the protection system of new plant varieties in China were summarized, and the relative interest imbalance existed in the current system of our country was pointed out, and the corresponding perfection suggestions were put forward from the point of view of interest balance.
【学位授予单位】：华中农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923.4

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