劳氏标准救助合同与《一九八九年国际救助公约》的相互影响

发布时间：2018-02-05 02:54

本文关键词： 救助合同救助劳氏标准救助合同救助公约　出处：《上海海运学院》2002年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 海难救助是海商法中特有的制度，其特殊性是其他法律所无法比拟的。创立该制度的目的是为了鼓励人们冒着风险对遇难船舶和货物或人命进行救助，以维护海上航行的安全。考虑到救助人施救时所承担的巨大风险，法律赋予救助人在救助成功后请求救助报酬的特殊权利，用以补偿其船舶和设备的损耗。这一制度的确立，不仅鼓励了人们对遇难船舶、货物或人命的救助，而且也防止了救助人将获救财产占为己有。 19世纪末以来，合同救助成为海难救助的主要形式，以“无效果，无报酬”原则为基础的劳氏救助合同(LOF)在海难救助中成为主导。LOF自1908年颁布以来，一直成为广大船东、货主、救助人和保险人所接受和使用的标准救助合同。目前，绝大多数海难救助是根据LOF进行的。这是本文第一章对海难救助做的介绍性的论述。本文第二章对英国普通法判例及海难救助的习惯做法对LOF条款的影响做出论述。现代海难救助的法律基本上是脱胎于英国普通法的判例确定的并为世人所接受的基本原则。LOF正是构建在英国200多年有关海难救助的判例所确定的原则之上。由于LOF的广泛使用以及它的权威性，许多国家都参照LOF的规定制定了自己的救助法律。这样，世界救助法律有了趋于统一的基础。《1910年救助公约》就是国际社会为了统一海难救助法律而制定的。该公约把LOF的“无效果，无报酬”原则和其他海难救助的基本原则引入公约为海难救助法律提供一个统一而又稳定的标准。然而，随着海上石油运量的大幅度增长和巨型油轮的出现，灾难性的油污事故时有发生，在油轮和货油均未能获救但救助人减少了遇难油轮对出事海域的环境污染的情况下，传统的“无效果，无报酬”海难救助原则对油轮的救助人来说是不公平的，，它不仅打击了救助人对遇难油轮的救助的积极性，而且也给防止海洋污染进带来了困难。如何解决救助遇难油轮的报酬问题和防止油污事故成为修改现行救助法律的强大动力。1980年5月，劳合社推出了LOF1980。本文第三章用比较的方法论述了LOF1980对LOF1972做出实质性的修改，及LOF1980对《1989年救助公约》的主要影响，即公约批判地继承并发展了LOF1980对“无效果，无报酬”原则的例外规定，创设了特别补偿制度。尽管LOF1980为解决油轮救助划时代地创设了安全网条款、增加了救助人责任限制条款和增补了有关救助报酬利息的规定，但是LOF毕竟不是法律，而只是一个格式合同。只有双方当事人在LOF上签字时，它才能产生法律约束力。为了真正解决对油轮、运载化学品和液化天然气船舶的救助问题，国际社会强烈要求修改不适应现代海难救助发展的《1910年救助公约》。经过国际海事组织和各国的努力诞生了《1989年救助公约》。《1989年救助公约》在尽可能保持现行救助制度相对稳定的基础上，充分考虑了救助油轮和防止海洋污染等重大问题。它借鉴了LOF1980的相关条款，并在此基础上完善并发展了LOF1980提出的新概念，即由只针对油轮救助的安全网条款发展到适用于所有类型船舶的特别补偿条款。新公约与（（19年救助公约》相比，更加明确了救助人和被救助人之间的权利和义务，增添了救助人在施救时，承担防止或减轻环境污染等义务。第四章论述了新救助公约中的条款对LOF1990、LOF1995和LOF2000产生了深远的影响。新公约为国际社会在海难救助法律统一问题上提供了新的标准。作为海难救助业领导者的劳氏委员会，为了使这个古老的救助合同跟上现代海上救助业发展的步伐并保持去其在该领域的优势地位，劳氏委员会在新公约生效之前就对LOF1980做出修改并吸收了该公约的一些实质性条款。此次修改导致了 LOF 990的出台。 LOF1990把（（19年救助公约》的部分重要内容提早并入救助合同加以适用，体现劳合社对救助法律的前瞻性。但是LOF毕竟不是法律，对非合同当事方不具有强制力，要使新公约的全部内容在英国本土发生效力，就只有通过立法才能解决这个问题。英国政府于 1994年通过了《商船（救助与防污）法》，该法于1995年1月1日起开始生效。使（（19年救助公约》在英国具备了法律地位。 LOF1990只是并入了《1989年救助公约》的部分条款，而LOF一向是规定英国法为准据法，要使公约的全部条款在 LOF中得以实施，则必须修订 LOF 990。为此，劳氏委员会不得不批准并公布了LOF1995。 LOF1995对LOF1990并没有作大的更改，因为LOF1990己并入了（（19 年救助公约》的重要内容。但一些较小的变动还是存在的，如把一些条款重新定位，并增加某些小标题以便使条款中的内容一目了然，以及明确救助人向船东提出特别补偿要求的具体期限等。国际社会对英国上议院对 he Npaki Spirit的终审判决反响强烈，并希望劳合社能够修改LOF1995把新救助公约中有关特别补偿的规定的漏洞加以弥补。另外，国际救助业希望LOF能够以更为简单明确、更为直接的方式运作。这样，LOF2000就走上了历史的舞台。它不仅在条款上有所变动，而且还在格式上做了与以前版本不同的调整，它采用了全新格式，该格式类似于GENCON 租约的布局。尽管形式简单，但相关的规
[Abstract]:Salvage is a unique legal system in maritime law, its particularity is compared to other laws. This system purports to encourage people to take risks for the victims of the ship and cargo or life assistance, to maintain the safety of maritime navigation. Considering the huge risk of rescue rescue, special rights the law gives the rescue salvage in the rescue after the success, to compensate for the loss of the ship and equipment. The establishment of this system, not only encourages people to ship the goods or the lives of the victims, rescue, rescue people but also to prevent the salved property for himself.
Since the end of the nineteenth Century, become the main form of salvage salvage contract, with "no results, no pay" principle based Salvage Agreement (LOF) has become the leading.LOF enacted since 1908 in the salvage at sea, has become the majority owner, the owner, the salvor and the insured person to accept and use the standard salvage contract at present, the vast majority of salvage is based on LOF. This is the first chapter of this paper discusses the introduction of salvage do.
Effect of the second chapter of the British common law precedent and salvage practices on LOF terms to discuss. Modern salvage law basically is originated from the British common law precedent established and accepted the basic principle of.LOF is determined by the construction of 200 years in the UK about salvage case principle above. Due to the widespread use of LOF and its authority, the provisions in many countries according to LOF to develop their own legal relief. In this way, the world relief law is the basis of.<1910 unified annual convention > is international society in order to unify the salvage laws. The Convention to LOF "no effect, no pay" principle and other basic principles of salvage convention is introduced to provide a unified and stable standard for marine salvage law.
However, with the drastic growth of offshore oil volume and large oil tankers, catastrophic oil spill accidents have occurred, in the tanker and cargo oil failed to rescue people were rescued but reduce the environmental pollution of the victims of the accident area tanker under the condition of the traditional "no results, no rescue salvage reward" principle the oil tanker is unfair, it not only hit the enthusiasm of people to rescue tanker rescue victims, but also to prevent marine pollution into difficult. How to solve the problem of compensation rescue tanker and prevent oil pollution accidents become a powerful driving force of.1980 to modify the existing legal aid in May, Lloyd launched LOF1980. in the third chapter, by the comparative method, discusses the LOF1980 to make substantive changes to the LOF1972, the main effect of LOF1980 on <1989 rescue Convention ", the Convention critically develop L OF1980 has created a special compensation system for the exception of the "no effect, unremunerated" principle.
Although the LOF1980 to solve the tankers epoch-making creation of the safety net clause, increased the limit of liability relief terms and supplementary provisions relating to salvage interest, but LOF is not legal, but a standard contract. Only the parties sign on LOF, it can produce legal binding. In order to solve the the tanker carrying chemicals, problems and liquefied natural gas ship assistance, the international community strongly demand changes can't adapt to the development of <1910 rescue salvage convention. After the International Maritime Organization and the national efforts gave birth to <1989 salvage convention.
On the basis of maintaining the relative stability of the current salvage system as far as possible, the <1989 salvage Convention
It concerns major issues such as rescuing oil tankers and preventing marine pollution. It draws on the relevant provisions of the LOF1980, and
On this basis, the new concept proposed by LOF1980 is perfected and developed, that is, only for the safety of oil tanker assistance.
The net terms developed to the special compensation clauses applicable to all types of ships. The new Convention and (19 year rescue public)
In comparison, it is more clear that the rights and obligations between the rescuers and the rescuers add to the help of the rescuers.
In the time of rescue, it is responsible for preventing or reducing environmental pollution.
The fourth chapter discusses the provisions of the new salvage Convention for LOF1990, LOF1995 and LOF2000
The new Convention provides a new standard for the international community in the unification of maritime salvage laws.
As the salvage industry leader Lloyd's Committee, in order to make the old to keep up with the modern maritime salvage contract
The aid industry the pace of development and maintain its dominant position in the field, Lloyd's committee takes effect in the new Convention
The revision of LOF1980 has been made and some substantive provisions of the Convention have been absorbed.
The introduction of LOF 990.
LOF1990 put some of the important contents of the 19 year bailout convention into the salvage contract
For Lloyd, reflected in the forward-looking of legal relief. But LOF is not the law of non parties to the contract
There is no coercion. To make all the contents of the new convention effective in the UK, it is only through legislation.
The British government passed the merchant ship (salvage and antifouling) law in 1994, which is a solution to this problem.
It came into force on January 1, 1995. (the 19 year bailout convention has a legal status in the UK.
LOF1990 has only incorporated part of the <1989 salvage convention, and LOF has always ruled the UK
As an applicable law, LOF 990. must be amended to make all the provisions of the Convention implemented in LOF.
To this end, the committee had approved and announced the Lloyd's LOF1995.
LOF1995 did not make a big change to the LOF1990, because LOF1990 has been incorporated (19
The important content of the annual salvage convention. However, some minor changes still exist, such as redefining some of the provisions.
Position, and add some small headlines to make the contents clear and clear to the shipowner to the shipowner.
The specific time limit for special compensation requirements.
The international community has a strong response to the final verdict of the he Npaki Spirit in the house of Lords and hopes that the British House of Lords
Lloyd's LOF1995 to modify the provisions of the new convention about the vulnerability to make special compensation
In addition, the international rescue industry hopes that LOF can operate in a more straightforward, more direct way.
In this way, LOF2000 is on the stage of history. It has changed not only in terms of terms, but also in the case.
The format is different from the previous version, and it uses a new format, similar to GENCON
The layout of the lease. Although the form is simple, the relevant rules

【学位授予单位】：上海海运学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：D996.19

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