保险竞合若干问题的法律思考

发布时间：2018-03-28 17:39

本文选题：保险竞合　切入点：其他保险　出处：《浙江工商大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：保险因其补偿性而生,损失补偿原则是保险法最基本的原则之一。因损失补偿原则,保险法衍生出了许多保险制度,如保险代位制度、超额保险制度、重复保险制度等。其中的重复保险制度是为避免投保人不当得利而存在的,重复保险制度是对投保人就同一保险事故、同一保险利益投保多份保单的限制,是对获得不当得利的不正当期待的限制。但现实生活中,因同一保险事故引发多份保单理赔的情形并不囿于重复保险。美国保险业将所有因同一保险事故引发多方保险人赔偿的情形均纳入其他保险制度。由于我国对重复保险进行了法律规定,其理论研究也较为纯熟,因此笔者认为,保险竞合应当指,因同一保险事故引发两个以上保险人赔偿,又不属于重复保险的情形。但理论界关于保险竞合的定义并无定论,分歧较大。保险竞合应分为广义的保险竞合与狭义的保险竞合,本文采取狭义的保险竞合概念,是指投保人、被保险人、保险标的、保险事故、保险利益不完全相同的数个保险合同,因承保范围有重叠性,即数保险合同对于某一特定的保险事故、损失或赔偿责任均承保,当发生保险事故时,数保险人就同一保险事故所致同一保险标的物的损失,皆负赔偿责任。保险竞合一直是保险业的一大难题,如何在保险人间公平、有效的分摊损失,是保险竞合制度研究的重点。美国的其他保险制度是目前最为成熟的保险竞合制度。其保险合同中多规定有其他保险条款(other insurance clauses),该条款约定了当发生约定的保险事故,又有其他保险人对事故负赔偿责任时,该保险人应承担何种责任。实务中较为常见的是三种条款：不负责任条款(escape clause)、溢额保险条款(excess clause)、比例分摊条款(pro-rata clause)。因不同的保险人约定的条款可能相同,也可能不同,而条款与条款间又经常存在矛盾,因此,如何在冲突的条款间进行取舍成了保险竞合制度的难题。本文对美国保险竞合理论进行了重点探讨。美国历史上出现了多种分摊规则理论,也在早期解决了保险竞合纠纷。但随着时间推移,随着保险业的发展,这些理论也逐渐被淘汰或代替。本文较为推崇兰波—韦斯顿规则以及以限额责任为原则的新分摊规则。笔者认为两者应当区分不同情形具体适用。因我国保险竞合制度的空白,引入保险竞合显得较为迫切。有学者主张将保险竞合制度纳入立法,以解决实务中的保险竞合纠纷。但本文并不认可将保险竞合制度在成文法中详细体现。民商法律的宗旨为意思自治,法无明文规定即为自由,因此本文认为,对灵活多变的保险竞合问题应当较多的体现民商法的精神,不应在法律中系统规定。纵观世界各国,也少有国家对保险竞合进行法律规定,而多遵从判例或行业准则。结合我国国情,应当将保险竞合的概念与重复保险相区分,对其定义与构成要件应当在立法中有所体现。对于保险竞合的分摊规则,可以出台一些行业准则进行灵活调整,而无需纳入立法体系。但对保险竞合制度的推广仍需要一个过程,还需要众多学者的共同努力,使我国保险业认识到保险竞合的存在,使保险合同中纳入保险竞合分摊条款,也使发生保险竞合纠纷时有准则可依。
[Abstract]:The insurance system is one of the most basic principles of insurance law . Because of the principle of loss compensation , insurance law derives many insurance systems , such as insurance subrogation system , excess insurance system and repeated insurance system .

The insurance competition has been a big problem in insurance industry . How to pay loss in fair and effective insurance is the focus of the research of insurance competition system . The other insurance system in the United States is the most mature insurance competition system . In the insurance contract , there are other insurance clauses which stipulate the liability of the insurer when it is liable for the accident . There are three clauses in practice : escape clause , excess clause and pro - rata clause . This paper focuses on the theory of insurance competition in the United States . However , with the development of insurance industry , these theories have been eliminated or replaced in the early stage . But over time , with the development of insurance industry , these theories are gradually eliminated or replaced . In this paper , the author thinks that both should distinguish between different situations .

With the blank of the insurance competition system in our country , it is urgent to introduce insurance competition . Some scholars advocate that the insurance competition system should be incorporated into legislation in order to solve the dispute of insurance competition in practice .

【学位授予单位】：浙江工商大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D922.284

【参考文献】