论倒签提单的法律规制

发布时间：2018-04-25 18:51

本文选题：倒签提单 + 责任归属　；参考：《天津财经大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 随着国际贸易和航海业的发展,倒签提单成了一种常见的海事欺诈行为。近年来,我国国际贸易实践中,倒签提单的案件屡屡发生,严重扰乱了正常的贸易和航海运输秩序。按照我国《海商法》和相关国际公约的规定,货物装上船以后,承运人须如实签发“已装船提单”。这是承运人的法定义务。而倒签提单就是承运人在货物装船完毕后,在提单上记载的装船日期早于实际装船完毕日期的行为。本文首先从倒签提单的定义出发,区别了与其类似的预借提单,同时也分析了倒签提单产生的原因和列举了倒签提单的危害。接着研究了倒签提单的法律性质。倒签提单符合《民法通则》和《合同法》关于侵权行为和违约行为的构成要件。因此,关于倒签之提单的性质,有物权属性说,债权属性说,无因管理性质说等观点。本文以法律解释方法中的文义解释方法,体系解释方法等多种研究方法对每一种观点进行了剖析,得出提单具有物权和债权双重属性。接下来,本文从理论上和实际运用上比较了两种关于倒签提单的责任归属的学说。在这部分中,本文运用到了比较分析和归纳分析等方法。鉴于倒签提单的特点,众学说大致分为违约责任说和侵权责任说。笔者较同意违约责任和侵权责任竞合的观点。倒签提单的法律性质的理论分析是有着实践意义的,将其定性为合同责任还是侵权责任,将会在诸如举证责任、诉讼时效、管辖权的确定等方面有着不同的法律后果,进而影响能否有效的维护当事人的权益。本文通过对违约之诉和侵权之诉的比较得出,提起违约之诉更能有效的维护受害人的权益。最后一部分探讨了倒签提单的防范机制。预防倒签提单的发生,需要从多方入手。要增强外贸企业的诚信意识和风险防范意识及业务能力,加强对海运业的监督管理。除了应加强传统的防范措施外,还应多利用电子提单这一新兴的提单形式。对于电子提单如何能预防倒签提单的发生,本文做了详尽的分析。这一点弥补了先前研究的不足。同时,我国也应加强防范倒签提单的法律制度之建设,做到全面性和超前行,同时应加强国际合作,共同防范倒签提单的发生。
[Abstract]:With the development of international trade and navigation, reverse-signing bill of lading has become a common maritime fraud. In recent years, in the international trade practice of our country, the cases of reverse signing bill of lading occur frequently, which seriously disturb the normal order of trade and navigation transportation. In accordance with the provisions of China's Maritime Law and relevant international conventions, the carrier must issue the loaded Bill of Lading truthfully after the goods are loaded on board. This is the legal obligation of the carrier. The reverse signing bill of lading is the behavior of the carrier after loading the goods, the loading date recorded in the bill of lading is earlier than the actual loading date. Based on the definition of inverted bill of lading, this paper distinguishes the similar bill of lading, and analyses the reasons of the reverse bill of lading and enumerates the harm of the reverse bill of lading. Then the legal nature of the reverse-signed bill of lading is studied. The reverse-signed bill of lading is in accordance with the general principles of civil law and contract law concerning the constitution of tort and breach of contract. Therefore, regarding the nature of the reverse-signed bill of lading, the theory of property right, the property of creditor's rights, the nature of management without cause and so on. This paper analyzes each point of view with the methods of interpretation of meaning and interpretation of system in the legal interpretation, and concludes that the bill of lading has the dual attributes of real right and creditor's right. Then, this paper compares two theories about the liability attribution of the reverse-signed bill of lading theoretically and practically. In this part, this paper applies the methods of comparative analysis and inductive analysis. In view of the characteristics of reverse-signed bill of lading, the doctrine is divided into liability for breach of contract and tort liability. The author agrees with the view of concurrence between liability for breach of contract and liability for tort. The theoretical analysis of the legal nature of the inverted bill of lading is of practical significance. The characterization of the bill of lading as contractual liability or tort liability will have different legal consequences in such aspects as burden of proof, limitation of action, determination of jurisdiction, etc. And then affect the effective protection of the rights and interests of the parties. Through the comparison between the action of breach of contract and the action of tort, it is concluded that the action of breach of contract is more effective in protecting the rights and interests of the victim. The last part discusses the preventive mechanism of reverse-signed bill of lading. To prevent the occurrence of reverse-signed bill of lading, we should start from various aspects. It is necessary to strengthen the integrity consciousness and risk prevention consciousness and business ability of foreign trade enterprises, and strengthen the supervision and management of shipping industry. Besides strengthening the traditional preventive measures, we should make more use of electronic bill of lading as a new form of bill of lading. This paper makes a detailed analysis on how electronic bill of lading can prevent the occurrence of reverse bill of lading. This makes up for the lack of previous research. At the same time, our country should strengthen the construction of the legal system of preventing the reverse signing bill of lading, so as to make it comprehensive and ahead of time, at the same time, we should strengthen the international cooperation and jointly guard against the occurrence of the inverse bill of lading.
【学位授予单位】：天津财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D996.19

【引证文献】