共同海损案件中承运人过失问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-01 20:41

本文选题：承运人的过失 + 共同海损　；参考：《大连海事大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：关于共同海损案件中何时考量承运人的过失这个问题,理论界和实践中存在多种处理方式,本文针对该问题,对几种典型处理方式进行分析和研究,并分为以下五章：第一章论述了共同海损用词的发展,界定了共同海损的内涵、共同海损行为、共同海损理算和共同海损分摊等重要概念。同时,指出承运人的过失是实践中共同海损事故发生的主要原因,何时考量承运人的过失具有重要意义。第二章分析了判定事故性质阶段考量承运人过失的做法。首先,从正面否定了该做法的合理性,指出其存在的问题。其次,从历史视角和海上保险视角分析共同海损的性质、构成要素,得出共同海损的判定与承运人的过失无关的结论,即判定事故性质阶段无需考量承运人的过失。第三章分析了共同海损理算阶段考量承运人过失的做法。首先,通过探讨《1975年北京理算规则》的做法,指出该处理方式存在的问题。其次,从共同海损理算工作的实质、与共同海损分摊权实现的关系、与海上保险制度衔接的需要三个角度论证,共同海损理算阶段不应该也无需考量承运人的过失。第四章分析了共同海损分摊阶段考量承运人过失的做法。首先,通过对《约克安特卫普规则》规则D的分析,指出“先分摊,后追偿”模式存在的问题和不合理性。其次,从共同海损分摊权的属性、共同海损分摊机制的实质等角度论证共同海损分摊阶段应该考量承运人的过失。再次,通过分析美国、英联邦、德国和中国司法实践的做法得出在共同海损分摊阶段考量承运人过失的做法是实践所需的结论。第五章通过对比分析中国与英美法系在处理共同海损案件中何时考量承运人过失这一问题的用词、法律规定等方面的差异,指出中国海商法相关条款存在的问题,并提出相应的修改建议。
[Abstract]:There are many ways to deal with the problem of when to consider the fault of the carrier in general average cases. In view of this problem, this paper analyzes and studies several typical handling methods, and divides them into the following five chapters: The first chapter discusses the development of general average words, defines the connotation of general average, general average behavior, general average adjustment and general average allocation and other important concepts. At the same time, it is pointed out that the fault of the carrier is the main cause of the general average accident in practice, and it is of great significance to consider when the fault of the carrier is considered. The second chapter analyzes the method of judging the fault of carrier in the stage of judging the nature of the accident. First of all, from the positive denial of the rationality of the practice, pointed out its existing problems. Secondly, from the perspective of history and marine insurance, this paper analyzes the nature and elements of general average, and draws the conclusion that the judgment of general average has nothing to do with the fault of the carrier, that is, the fault of the carrier should not be considered in the stage of judging the nature of the accident. The third chapter analyzes the practice of considering the fault of the carrier in the general average adjustment stage. First of all, by discussing the practice of Beijing Adjustment rules 1975, this paper points out the problems existing in this way. Secondly, from the point of view of the essence of general average adjustment, the relationship between the realization of general average right and the need of linking up with marine insurance system, the general average adjustment stage should not and does not need to consider the fault of the carrier. The fourth chapter analyzes the practice of considering the fault of the carrier at the stage of general average allocation. Firstly, by analyzing the rule D of York Antwerp Rule, the author points out the problems and irrationality of the pattern of "share first, then recover later". Secondly, from the point of view of the attribute of the right to share in general average and the essence of the mechanism of allocation of general average, it is proved that the fault of the carrier should be considered in the stage of general average allocation. Thirdly, by analyzing the judicial practice of the United States, the Commonwealth, Germany and China, it is concluded that it is necessary to consider the fault of the carrier in the stage of general average allocation. The fifth chapter points out the problems existing in the relevant articles of Chinese maritime law by comparing and analyzing the differences between China and Anglo-American law system in dealing with the problem of when to consider the term and legal provisions of carrier negligence in dealing with general average cases. And puts forward the corresponding modification suggestion.
【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.294

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