国际海上货物运输承运人识别制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-14 08:25

本文选题：海上货物运输 + 承运人识别　；参考：《苏州大学》2003年硕士论文

【摘要】： 海上货物运输中承运人的识别，是海商法中一个传统的研究课题。承运人的识别事关海上货物运输索赔对象的确定，因此正确识别承运人对保护国际海上货运贸易中货方合法权益，维护交易安全都具有重要意义。近年来，随着国际航运贸易的发展，更多的涉及运输法律关系的主体参与到海运实践中来，进一步增加了承运人识别的难度，使航运及司法实践常因无统一规则可循而造成混乱。弄清“承运人”的确切含义及范围是识别承运人的关键。不同法律制度下，“承运人”的定义有所区别：《海牙规则》把承运人限定为与托运人订有海上运输契约的船舶所有人和承租人；《汉堡规则》及包括我国在内的多数国家把承运人定义为与托运人订有海上运输契约的任何人。除“承运人”外，国际公约和一些国家的国内法还出现了“实际承运人”和“履约承运人”的概念。航运实践中，参与到海上货物运输活动中的当事人经常包括：船东(船舶所有人)、船舶经营人、货运代理人。如果这些主体同时出现在一次货运活动中，就会影响承运人的识别。认清不同主体同承运人的区别与联系，有利于确认他们在运输中的法律地位及识别承运人。《汉堡规则》和我国《海商法》都明确了承运人是与托运人订立运输合同的人。然而在没有运输合同或提单持有人不能了解运输合同的情况下，国际上通行的做法是依据提单的记载识别承运人。提单作为运输合同的证明，含有对承运人的记载。常用来作为识别承运人的依据包括：提单抬头、提单签名、提单上的承运人识别条款。不同法律制度下，对同一识别依据可能有不同的规则。如：英国法院一般来说承认“承运人识别条款”的效力，而美国等国法院却并不承认其效力。此外，承运人识别制度中还有一些特殊问题需要解决：一是，租船合同下承运人识别问题。如果承租人揽载了第三人的货物，承运人的识别将是十分复杂的问题；二是，实际承运人识别问题。解决了承运人的识别，只要清楚实际承运人的概念，，实际承运人的识别相对较容易。国际海上货物运输中承运人识别制度的差别缘于国际海上货物运输法不统一，这种不统一的现状不利于国际航运的发展，统一国际海上货物运输法成为一种必然趋国际海上货物运输承运人识别制度研究中文提要势。UCP500对承运人说明的要求是承运人识别问题统一趋势的体现。我国关于承运人识别问题没有明确的法律规定，立法上需要对相关法律条文加以完善;司法实践中应该统一识别承运人的标准;航运实践中应规范操作，以减少承运人识别的困难。
[Abstract]:Carrier identification in the carriage of goods by sea is a traditional research subject in maritime law. The identification of the carrier is related to the determination of the object of claim for the carriage of goods by sea, so it is of great significance to correctly identify the carrier to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the cargo party in international maritime freight trade and to maintain the security of the transaction. In recent years, with the development of international shipping trade, more and more subjects involved in the legal relationship of transport participate in the practice of shipping, which further increases the difficulty of carrier identification. Shipping and judicial practice are often confused by the absence of uniform rules. Understanding the exact meaning and scope of the carrier is the key to identifying the carrier. Under different legal systems, The definition of "carrier" differs: the Hague rules limit the carrier to the owner and charterer of a contract of carriage by sea with the shipper; the Hamburg rules and most States, including ours, define the carrier Any person who has entered into a contract of carriage by sea with the shipper. In addition to "carrier", the concepts of "actual carrier" and "performing carrier" have emerged in international conventions and the domestic laws of some countries. In shipping practice, the parties involved in the carriage of goods by sea often include shipowners (shipowners), ship operators and freight forwarders. If these subjects appear at the same time in one cargo movement, the carrier identification will be affected. Recognizing the difference and relation between different subjects and carriers is helpful to confirm their legal status in transportation and to identify carriers. The Hamburg rules and China's Maritime Law both specify that the carrier is the person who enters into a contract of carriage with the shipper. However, in the absence of a contract of carriage or the fact that the holder of the bill of lading is unable to understand the contract of carriage, the international practice is to identify the carrier according to the record of the bill of lading. The bill of lading, as proof of the contract of carriage, contains a record of the carrier. Often used as the basis for identifying the carrier include: bill of lading payable, bill of lading signature, carrier identification clause on the bill of lading. Under different legal systems, there may be different rules for the same identification basis. For example, the British courts generally recognize the validity of the carrier identification clause, while the courts of the United States and other countries do not. In addition, there are some special problems to be solved in the carrier identification system: first, the carrier identification problem under charter party. If the lessee carries the third party's goods, the identification of the carrier will be very complicated; the second is the identification of the actual carrier. The identification of carrier is solved. As long as the concept of actual carrier is clear, the identification of actual carrier is relatively easy. The difference of carrier identification system in international carriage of goods by sea is due to the fact that the law of international carriage of goods by sea is not uniform, which is not in favor of the development of international shipping, so the unification of international law on carriage of goods by sea becomes an inevitable trend. Research on the Identification system of carriers in International Carriage of goods by Sea Chinese summary The requirements of UCP500 for carrier description are the embodiment of the uniform trend of carrier identification. There are no clear legal provisions on the identification of carriers in China, and the relevant legal provisions should be taken into account in legislation. Perfect; the standard of identifying carrier should be unified in judicial practice; in shipping practice, the operation should be standardized in order to reduce the carrying capacity The difficulty of human identification.
【学位授予单位】：苏州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：D996.19

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