海上遇险船舶避难地法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-08 16:13

本文选题：遇险船舶 + 避难地　；参考：《华东政法大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 自从20世纪80年代国际海事组织法律委员会提出为遇险船舶提供避难地的概念以来,这一问题在理论界一直争论不休。沿海国是否有义务为海上遇险船舶提供避难地,遇险船舶造成的包括环境污染在内的各种损害应当由谁负责,赔偿费用的来源,以及是否需要建立一个统一的国际公约顿时成为相关国际组织的主要议题,海事专家也在学术著作中各抒己见。与此同时,重大的海难事故在接连不断的发生,遇险的“埃里卡号”、“Castor号”和“威望号”均由于可能造成严重的海洋环境污染被沿海国拒之门外,成为海事界的“弃儿”。这一系列事件最终引起了国际社会的重视。国际海事委员会设立专门的分委会研究避难地问题,国际海事组织指定其下属的航运安全委员会成立工作组对避难地问题进行调查,并在此基础上制定了《关于需要援助船舶避难地指南决议》和《关于海事救援服务决议》。欧盟于2002年6月27日通过“欧洲交通监管决议”,要求成员国尽快制定一份接收其管辖水域内遇险船舶的行动计划。沿海国在遭受来自国际社会的谴责的同时,也开始致力于避难地问题的研究,其中美国、澳大利亚和部分欧洲国家已经建立起相对完善的避难地机制。然而,由于国际社会缺乏一个统一适用的规定,沿海国在实践中往往自行决定,从而不能兼顾各方利益,导致了处理避难地问题的不确定性。在这种背景下,建立一个统一适用的调整避难地问题的国际公约的呼声越来越高。就我国而言,避难地问题的理论研究和制度建设尚落后于其他海事大国,《海商法》、《海洋环境保护法》以及《海上交通安全法》均没有对避难地问题做出专门规定,也没有建立起相应的体系、机构和技术设施。随着我国能源供应结构调整和能源战略的实施,油品海上运输量将继续增加,同时船舶事故对我国沿海环境污染风险也会随之增加。制定相应法规,加强海上安全系统建设,建立海上船舶避难地机制成为当务之急。建设遇险船舶避难地制度的根本意义在于,不论我们采取了怎样严密的预防措施,海难事故只会减少不会杜绝。因此,目前最棘手的问题是怎样在国际、区际和国家层面上建立一个完备的应急系统网络,以应对将来不知何时降临的海难事故,这也正是本文在理论上和实践上的出发点所在。
[Abstract]:Since 1980s, the International Maritime Organization Legal Committee has proposed the concept of providing refuge for a ship in distress, the issue has been debated in the theoretical circle. Whether the coastal state has an obligation to provide refuge for ships in distress at sea, and who should be responsible for all kinds of damage, including environmental pollution, caused by a ship in distress. The source, as well as the need to establish a unified international convention, suddenly became the main issue of the relevant international organizations, and the maritime experts also expressed their views in the academic work. At the same time, major maritime accidents were occurring in succession. The "elik number", "Castor" and "prestige" were all likely to be caused by the danger. The serious marine environmental pollution was rejected by the coastal state and became the "abandoned child" of the maritime community. This series of events eventually led to the attention of the international community. The International Maritime Commission set up a special sub committee to study the problem of refuge. The international maritime organization designated its subordinate shipping security committee to establish a working group on the problem of refuge. On the basis of the investigation, a guide resolution on the need for assistance to the refuge of ships and the resolution on maritime rescue services are formulated. The EU adopted the European traffic regulation resolution in June 27, 2002, requiring member states to develop an action plan to receive ships in their jurisdiction as soon as possible. At the same time, the social condemnation has also begun to work on the study of the problem of refuge, in which the United States, Australia and some European countries have established a relatively perfect refuge mechanism. However, because of the lack of a unified and applicable international society, the coastal states have made their own decisions in practice so that they can not take into account the interests of all parties. In this context, the call for a unified and applicable international convention to adjust the problem of asylum is increasing. In our country, the theoretical research and system construction of the problem of refuge still lag behind other maritime powers, the maritime law, the marine environment protection law and the maritime traffic safety law. There are no specific regulations on the problem of refuge and the establishment of corresponding systems, institutions and technical facilities. With the adjustment of the energy supply structure and the implementation of the energy strategy in China, the quantity of marine transportation will continue to increase, and the risk of marine pollution will increase along with the marine accidents. The fundamental significance of building a system for the refuge of ships in distress lies in the fact that no matter what strict preventive measures we have taken, the sea accident will only be reduced, so the most difficult problem is how to establish one at the international, regional and national levels. A complete emergency system network to deal with shipwrecks that do not know when to arrive in the future is also the starting point of this paper in theory and practice.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D996.19;D912.29

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