论我国个人破产制度的法律构建

发布时间：2018-06-23 09:20

本文选题：个人破产 + 债权人　；参考：《河南大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：个人破产制度是指当债务人的所有财产不能支付其全部债务时，按照法律规定的程序进行破产宣告的一种法律制度。破产作为商品经济发展的必然产物，首先从个人破产开始，直到企业法人出现后才有了企业破产的法律制度。与世界其他国家破产制度的发展历程相比，我国的破产法开端于国有企业破产。后来随着改革开放的深入，破产法的适用范围才扩大至公司法人。由于我国的破产法采用严格的商法人破产主义立法模式，所以企业法人以外的一般自然人和商自然人均没有破产能力，不能成为破产法的调整对象。这不仅与国际社会破产法的立法例不符，而且社会生活中的许多现实问题也无法得以解决。目前，随着我国市场经济的快速发展，越来越多的个人参与到市场活动中，个人基于市场风险（如经营失败）或其他因素（如自然灾害）可能会背上巨额的债务无力偿还。当所欠巨额债务是民间借款时，债务人会选择“跑路”甚至自杀来逃避债务。如果遇到债务人没有可供执行的财产，，便会出现执行难的问题。许多执行难的民商事案件，究其本质就是破产案件。因此，建立个人破产制度不仅是完善我国破产法律制度、促进和保障个人创业的需要，更是合理的处理民间借贷、解决民商事案件执行难的关键。目前，我国已具备了建立个人破产制度的基本条件：改革开放三十多年的经济成果为其提供了物质保障，公民法律意识的提高为其提供了思想准备，个人财产制度及个人信用体系的建立和健全为其提供了有利条件，社会保障制度的不断完善解除了个人破产的后顾之忧。世界主要发达国家（英国、美国、法国、德国和日本）的个人破产立法经过长时间的发展，其成熟的立法经验对我国个人破产立法具有巨大的借鉴意义。根据国情，我国应采用商人破产主义的个人破产立法模式，个人破产的申请主体是债权人和债务人。为了保障破产人及其扶养家属的基本生活需要，必须合理的区分自由财产和破产财产。破产和解作为预防个人破产的一项重要制度，节省了司法资源，弥补了破产制度自身的缺陷。失权制度、复权制度和免责制度作为个人破产独有的法律制度，是个人破产制度的核心，这些制度的确立对我国个人破产制度的构建具有重要的意义。
[Abstract]:Personal bankruptcy system is a kind of legal system that declares bankruptcy according to the procedure stipulated by law when all the property of the debtor cannot pay all its debts. Bankruptcy, as an inevitable product of the development of commodity economy, begins with individual bankruptcy, and does not have a legal system of enterprise bankruptcy until the appearance of enterprise legal person. Compared with the development of bankruptcy system in other countries in the world, the bankruptcy law of our country begins with the bankruptcy of state-owned enterprises. Later, with the deepening of reform and opening up, the scope of application of bankruptcy law was expanded to corporate legal person. Because the bankruptcy law of our country adopts the strict legislation mode of the bankruptcy doctrine of the commercial law, the general natural person and the commercial natural person other than the enterprise legal person have no bankruptcy capacity, so they cannot become the object of adjustment of the bankruptcy law. This is not only inconsistent with the legislation of international bankruptcy law, but also can not solve many practical problems in social life. At present, with the rapid development of market economy in our country, more and more individuals participate in market activities. Individuals may be unable to repay their debts on the basis of market risk (such as failure of operation) or other factors (such as natural disasters). When the debt is a private loan, the debtor chooses to run away or even commit suicide to avoid the debt. If the debtor has no property to enforce, there will be a problem of enforcement. Many difficult civil and commercial cases, its essence is bankruptcy cases. Therefore, the establishment of personal bankruptcy system is not only to perfect our bankruptcy law system, promote and protect the needs of individual entrepreneurship, but also the key to deal with private loans and solve the difficult implementation of civil and commercial cases. At present, China has met the basic conditions for establishing the individual bankruptcy system: the economic achievements of the reform and opening up for more than 30 years have provided it with material security, and the improvement of the citizen's legal consciousness has provided it with ideological preparation. The establishment and perfection of personal property system and personal credit system provide favorable conditions for them, and the continuous improvement of social security system relieves the worries of personal bankruptcy. The personal bankruptcy legislation of the major developed countries (Britain, America, France, Germany and Japan) has been developed for a long time, and its mature legislative experience has great significance for reference to the personal bankruptcy legislation of our country. According to the national conditions, our country should adopt the individual bankruptcy legislation model of businessman bankruptcy doctrine, the main body of individual bankruptcy application is creditor and debtor. In order to ensure the basic living needs of the bankrupt and his dependents, it is necessary to reasonably distinguish between the free property and the bankruptcy property. As an important system to prevent individual bankruptcy, bankruptcy settlement saves judicial resources and makes up for the defects of bankruptcy system itself. As the unique legal system of individual bankruptcy, the system of losing the right, the system of recovering the right and the system of exemption are the core of the system of individual bankruptcy. The establishment of these systems is of great significance to the construction of the system of individual bankruptcy in our country.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D922.291.92

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